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Bos with gans

2026-02-18T11:21:21Z

Nicky: Created page with "*praga ew genas she omma | buyldya lester mar worthy CW2296-7 = Why do you want to / intend to / plan to? Why are you doing this?"

*praga ew genas she omma | buyldya lester mar worthy CW2296-7 = Why do you want to / intend to / plan to? Why are you doing this?

Main Page

2026-02-18T11:20:39Z

Nicky:

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Genitive of attribution]]
*[[Compound nouns]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Non-finite forms:
**[[Present participle]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*[[Phrasal verbs]]
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
***[[Bos with gans]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dri]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)

2026-02-18T10:52:24Z

Nicky:

*bydh reson dh'y ladha nyns eus kevys PA128

*Kleves bras eus y'm diwla devedhys. PA156

*neb eus genen kregys he who has been hanged with us PA192

*Yma maryaj galloesek kewsys dhyn rag Meryasek. BM177-8

*Ahanas eus dhyn kewsys BM229

*Yn ow fas koedhys yma kleves euthek BM728-9

*P'yw an jowl eus hwarvedhys? BM775

*joy nev yma dhywgh grontys BM1301

*Yn nes yma koedhys golowder BM1309-10

*eus mertherys dell glywa' BM1324

*Yma orthiv lovryjyon kodhys BM1356-7

*Pandr'eus hwyrvys? What has happened? BM1410-12

*yma pur wir Meryasek devedhys omma dhe'n pow BM1945-6

*Y neshevin sur ymons serrys dredho yn sertan BM1954-5

*dhe'n chapel pur wir yma akontys gans tus pur goth BM1978-9

*Nos tewl yth o nammnygen, ha lemmyn sur gol'wyjyon, a-dro dhymm yma koedhys A dark night now, to me not otherwise, And now surely radiance Around me is fallen BM3680-2

*ef a brefyas lowre gow theis | ha genas ymons cregys CW818-9

*owt te vyllan pandres gwryes CW1578

*E ma reaze gennan thu keneffra lazoan toane haaz a eze wor enapp an Noare yma res genam dhewgh keniver losowen [ow] ton has, eus war enep an nor I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*Ema reaze gennam keneffra Lozoan Glaze ragg boaze Yma res genam keniver losowen las rag boos I have given every green herb for meat ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. 'ell agas dedhyow bos pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ma gollow dereves man light is sprung up ([[Matthew IV]])

there are here
*Pyseul yw somm an fleghes eus kuntellys dhymm omma? How much is the total of children that are gathered here for me? BM1604-5

Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)

2026-02-18T09:18:52Z

Nicky:

*bydh reson dh'y ladha nyns eus kevys PA128

*Kleves bras eus y'm diwla devedhys. PA156

*neb eus genen kregys he who has been hanged with us PA192

*Yma maryaj galloesek kewsys dhyn rag Meryasek. BM177-8

*Ahanas eus dhyn kewsys BM229

*Yn ow fas koedhys yma kleves euthek BM728-9

*P'yw an jowl eus hwarvedhys? BM775

*joy nev yma dhywgh grontys BM1301

*Yn nes yma koedhys golowder BM1309-10

*eus mertherys dell glywa' BM1324

*Yma orthiv lovryjyon kodhys BM1356-7

*Pandr'eus hwyrvys? What has happened? BM1410-12

*yma pur wir Meryasek devedhys omma dhe'n pow BM1945-6

*Y neshevin sur ymons serrys dredho yn sertan BM1954-5

*dhe'n chapel pur wir yma akontys gans tus pur goth BM1978-9

*Nos tewl yth o nammnygen, ha lemmyn sur gol'wyjyon, a-dro dhymm yma koedhys A dark night now, to me not otherwise, And now surely radiance Around me is fallen BM3680-2

*ef a brefyas lowre gow theis | ha genas ymons cregys CW818-9

*E ma reaze gennan thu keneffra lazoan toane haaz a eze wor enapp an Noare yma res genam dhewgh keniver losowen [ow] ton has, eus war enep an nor I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*Ema reaze gennam keneffra Lozoan Glaze ragg boaze Yma res genam keniver losowen las rag boos I have given every green herb for meat ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. 'ell agas dedhyow bos pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ma gollow dereves man light is sprung up ([[Matthew IV]])

there are here
*Pyseul yw somm an fleghes eus kuntellys dhymm omma? How much is the total of children that are gathered here for me? BM1604-5

Yn unn

2025-09-03T04:32:50Z

Nicky:

=Verbs=
==fistena==
mos
*te ke yn vn fystene | ȝe voth may fo colenwys "Ty ke yn unn fistena, | dha vodh may fo kollenwys, Hurry away so that your purpose may be fulfilled (PA48)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝen tyller ganso o ordnys i eth yn unn fistena | dhe'n tyller kyns o ord'nys They hastened to the place which had been previously arranged. (PA176)

*y eth yn vn fystene | peswar marrek yrvys ens i eth yn unn fistena | peswar marghek ervys ens they went in haste. they were four armed soldiers. (PA241)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝe pylat aga Iustis i eth yn unn fistena | dhe pilat aga justis They hastened to Pilate their magistrate. (PA248)

gul

*del won yn vn fystene | me as gura ny strechyaff pell dell wonn yn unn fistena | my a's gwra ny strechyav pell i will make them as best i can. i will not be long. (PA158)

==stevya==
mos
*In vn stevya oll y eth | bys yn pylat o Iustis yn unn stevya oll i eth | bys yn pilat o justis They all rushed to Pilate who was a magistrate. (PA239)

==skolkya==
dos
*why a theth ȝym yn arvow | dre dreyson yn un scolchye | gans boclers ha cleȝyȝyow | thom kemeres ȝom syndye | ȝom peynye bys yn crow hwi a dheuth dhymm yn arvow | dre dreyson yn unn skolkya | gans boklers ha kledhedhyow | dhe'm kemmeres dhe'm shyndya | dhe'm paynia bys yn krow You have come to me armed, treacherously, furtively, with shields and swords to arrest me, to harm me, to torture me to death (PA74)

==garma==
holya
*Benenas prest a holyas | Ihesu crist yn vn garme benynes prest a holyas | yesu krist yn unn arma Wailing women incessantly followed Jesus Christ. (PA168)

==bramma==
fia
*an beth pan thueth ha lamme | y fyys yn vn vramme | ovn kemerys A'n bedh pan dheuth ha lamma | y fiis yn unn vramma | own kemmeris From the grave when he comes and leaps | Thou fleest in a tremor | Seized by fear (RD2093-5)

==trettya==
mos
*an epscop han doctour flour | me as kergh uskis theth tour | moys a raff in vn trettya An epskop ha'n doktour flour | my a's kyrgh uskis dhe'th tour. | Mos a wrav yn unn drettya. The Bishop and the flower of doctors | I will fetch them quickly to thy tower. | I will go in a turn. (BM1391-3)

==goslowes==
tewel
*tewough in vn gyrlyves tewegh yn unn goslowes Be quiet and listen (BK190.2)

=Nouns=
==hanas==
kewsel
*yn le may then yn trevow | yn splan me as derevas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a dryff tus yn vn hanas yn le mayth en y'n trevow | yn splann my a's derivas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a-dryv tus yn unn hanas wherever i went in the towns i declared them clearly. i did not speak in the dark, whispering behind people. (PA79)

=By meaning=

go in a hurry
*te ke yn vn fystene | ȝe voth may fo colenwys "Ty ke yn unn fistena, | dha vodh may fo kollenwys, Hurry away so that your purpose may be fulfilled (PA48)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝen tyller ganso o ordnys i eth yn unn fistena | dhe'n tyller kyns o ord'nys They hastened to the place which had been previously arranged. (PA176)

*y eth yn vn fystene | peswar marrek yrvys ens i eth yn unn fistena | peswar marghek ervys ens they went in haste. they were four armed soldiers. (PA241)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝe pylat aga Iustis i eth yn unn fistena | dhe pilat aga justis They hastened to Pilate their magistrate. (PA248)

make in a hurry
*del won yn vn fystene | me as gura ny strechyaff pell dell wonn yn unn fistena | my a's gwra ny strechyav pell i will make them as best i can. i will not be long. (PA158)

went in a rush
*In vn stevya oll y eth | bys yn pylat o Iustis yn unn stevya oll i eth | bys yn pilat o justis They all rushed to Pilate who was a magistrate. (PA239)

come to me furtively
*why a theth ȝym yn arvow | dre dreyson yn un scolchye | gans boclers ha cleȝyȝyow | thom kemeres ȝom syndye | ȝom peynye bys yn crow hwi a dheuth dhymm yn arvow | dre dreyson yn unn skolkya | gans boklers ha kledhedhyow | dhe'm kemmeres dhe'm shyndya | dhe'm paynia bys yn krow You have come to me armed, treacherously, furtively, with shields and swords to arrest me, to harm me, to torture me to death (PA74)

speak whispering
*yn le may then yn trevow | yn splan me as derevas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a dryff tus yn vn hanas yn le mayth en y'n trevow | yn splann my a's derivas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a-dryv tus yn unn hanas wherever i went in the towns i declared them clearly. i did not speak in the dark, whispering behind people. (PA79)

followed wailing
*Benenas prest a holyas | Ihesu crist yn vn garme benynes prest a holyas | yesu krist yn unn arma Wailing women incessantly followed Jesus Christ. (PA168)

he fled farting
*an beth pan thueth ha lamme | y fyys yn vn vramme | ovn kemerys A'n bedh pan dheuth ha lamma | y fiis yn unn vramma | own kemmeris From the grave when he comes and leaps | Thou fleest in a tremor | Seized by fear (RD2093-5)

go in a turn
*an epscop han doctour flour | me as kergh uskis theth tour | moys a raff in vn trettya An epskop ha'n doktour flour | my a's kyrgh uskis dhe'th tour. | Mos a wrav yn unn drettya. The Bishop and the flower of doctors | I will fetch them quickly to thy tower. | I will go in a turn. (BM1391-3)

be quiet listening
*tewough in vn gyrlyves tewegh yn unn goslowes Be quiet and listen (BK190.2)

The Duchess of Cornwall’s Progress

2025-09-02T08:03:50Z

Nicky:

Put into tables but I'm not sure if the attribution is correct for each column

<table>
<tr><td>(Bodleian MS. Carte 269...Mainly in Lhuyd’s hand)</td><td>(Borlase MS., pp.159, 158)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign=top>a) Nages travith dale talues an bees 
Bus gen dieu benegas do gweel gan crees.</td>
<td>Nyn ges travith dale talues en Beez 
Buz gen dew Benigas do gweel gun Crees</td>
<td>Nyns eus tra vyth a dal talvos y'n bys Bes gans Duw benygys dhe wul agan kres.
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign=top>
rag an Arlothas an wolas kernow. 
Dreth gwz Kibmias Benigas, Why ra Cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas. 
1. Kensa, vrt an hagar auall iggeva gweell do derevoll wareny Keniffer termen drerany moas durt pedden an wolas do sillan &c. 
2. Nessa, vrt an skauoll Crackan codna iggeva setha war en crees an aules ewhall heb drogi veeth. 
3. Tregya, vrt an Gurroll iggeva gweell gen askern skooth davas, &c.</td>
<td valign=top>
Rag an Arlotha woolaes Kernow 
Dreth ‘guz kibmias beniggas Why ra cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas 
Kensa, urt an hagar-awal iggeva gweel do derevoll war ren ny keniffer termen drera ny moas durt Pedden an woolaes do Sillan 
Nessa, urt an Skavoll Crack-an-codna iggava setha war en Cres an awles ewhall (cries tutton Harry an lader) heb drog veeth 
Treega, urt an gurroll iggeva gwell gen askern skooth Davas... 
c) Daunce mine 
d) Carrack Looes en Cooes 
e) Eue Rateera war mean Merlin 
Ra leske pawl, pemsans, ha Newyn. 
f) Peth Prawnter. A priest’s goods or estate. 
g) Rag gun Arlothas da 
Ny en gweel gun moyha, 
h) Theram Ry do why an Bele ma 
do gware gen bonogath da;
</td>
<td>Rag an Arlodhes wlas Kernow Dres agas kubmyes benygys, hwi a wra kavos dr'yw an gwas Harry ma podrek? bras Kensa, orth an hagar-awel usi va ow kul dhe drehevel warnon ni keniver termyn dr'eson ni ow mos dhyworth Pedn an Wlas dhe Syllan Nessa, orth an skavell krack-an-kodna usi va owth esedha war[nedhi] yn kres an oles/wlas ughel heb drog vyth. Treja, orth an gorhel usi va ow kul gans askorn skoodh davas 
c) Dons meyn 
d) Karrek Loos y'n Koos 
e) Ev a wra tira war men Merlin a wra leski Pol, Pennsans ha Lulyn. 
f) Pyth Pronter. 
g) Rag agan Arlodhes dha 
Ni a'n gwul agan moyha 
h) Yth esom ow ri dhe hwi an bel ma dhe wari gans bolonjedh da</td>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Text from Modern Cornish site==
Nicholas Boson c.1675

The Duchess of Cornwall’s Progress

(Bodleian MS. Carte 269...Mainly in Lhuyd’s hand)

a) Nages travith dale talues an bees 
Bus gen dieu benegas do gweel gan crees. 
(Borlase MS) Nyn ges travith dale talues en Beez 
Buz gen dew Benigas do gweel gun Crees 

b) rag an Arlothas an wolas kernow. 
Dreth gwz Kibmias Benigas, Why ra Cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas.

#Kensa, vrt an hagar auall iggeva gweell do derevoll wareny Keniffer termen drerany moas durt pedden an wolas do sillan &c.
#Nessa, vrt an skauoll Crackan codna iggeva setha war en crees an aules ewhall heb drogi veeth.
#Tregya, vrt an Gurroll iggeva gweell gen askern skooth davas, &c.

(Borlase MS., pp.159, 158)

Rag an Arlotha woolaes Kernow 
Dreth ‘guz kibmias beniggas Why ra cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas 
Kensa, urt an hagar-awal iggeva gweel do derevoll war ren ny keniffer termen drera ny moas durt Pedden an woolaes do Sillan 
Nessa, urt an Skavoll Crack-an-codna iggava setha war en Cres an awles ewhall (cries tutton Harry an lader) heb drog veeth 
Treega, urt an gurroll iggeva gwell gen askern skooth Davas... 
c) Daunce mine 
d) Carrack Looes en Cooes 
e) Eue Rateera war mean Merlin 
Ra leske pawl, pemsans, ha Newyn. 
f) Peth Prawnter. A priest’s goods or estate. 
g) Rag gun Arlothas da 
Ny en gweel gun moyha, 
h) Theram Ry do why an Bele ma 
do gware gen bonogath da;

(Bodleian MS. Carte 269...Mainly in Lhuyd’s hand)

==Links==
*Modern Cornish http://moderncornish.net/late-texts/Boson-Nicholas-theduchessofcornwallsprogress.html
*More about the Duchess and Harry https://ayearoflatecornish.blogspot.com/2024/11/2024-day-328.html
*Nicholas Williams https://www.skeulantavas.com/audio/247-nicholas-boson and https://www.skeulantavas.com/audio/275-arlodhes-kernow

The Duchess of Cornwall’s Progress

2025-09-02T07:51:50Z

Nicky:

The Duchess of Cornwall’s Progress

2025-09-02T07:39:52Z

Nicky:

Put into tables but I'm not sure if the attribution is correct for each column

<table>
<tr><td>(Bodleian MS. Carte 269...Mainly in Lhuyd’s hand)</td><td>(Borlase MS., pp.159, 158)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign=top>a) Nages travith dale talues an bees 
Bus gen dieu benegas do gweel gan crees.</td>
<td>Nyn ges travith dale talues en Beez 
Buz gen dew Benigas do gweel gun Crees</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign=top>
rag an Arlothas an wolas kernow. 
Dreth gwz Kibmias Benigas, Why ra Cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas. 
1. Kensa, vrt an hagar auall iggeva gweell do derevoll wareny Keniffer termen drerany moas durt pedden an wolas do sillan &c. 
2. Nessa, vrt an skauoll Crackan codna iggeva setha war en crees an aules ewhall heb drogi veeth. 
3. Tregya, vrt an Gurroll iggeva gweell gen askern skooth davas, &c.</td>
<td valign=top>
Rag an Arlotha woolaes Kernow 
Dreth ‘guz kibmias beniggas Why ra cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas 
Kensa, urt an hagar-awal iggeva gweel do derevoll war ren ny keniffer termen drera ny moas durt Pedden an woolaes do Sillan 
Nessa, urt an Skavoll Crack-an-codna iggava setha war en Cres an awles ewhall (cries tutton Harry an lader) heb drog veeth 
Treega, urt an gurroll iggeva gwell gen askern skooth Davas... 
c) Daunce mine 
d) Carrack Looes en Cooes 
e) Eue Rateera war mean Merlin 
Ra leske pawl, pemsans, ha Newyn. 
f) Peth Prawnter. A priest’s goods or estate. 
g) Rag gun Arlothas da 
Ny en gweel gun moyha, 
h) Theram Ry do why an Bele ma 
do gware gen bonogath da;
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Text from Modern Cornish site==
Nicholas Boson c.1675

The Duchess of Cornwall’s Progress

(Bodleian MS. Carte 269...Mainly in Lhuyd’s hand)

a) Nages travith dale talues an bees 
Bus gen dieu benegas do gweel gan crees. 
(Borlase MS) Nyn ges travith dale talues en Beez 
Buz gen dew Benigas do gweel gun Crees 

b) rag an Arlothas an wolas kernow. 
Dreth gwz Kibmias Benigas, Why ra Cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas.

#Kensa, vrt an hagar auall iggeva gweell do derevoll wareny Keniffer termen drerany moas durt pedden an wolas do sillan &c.
#Nessa, vrt an skauoll Crackan codna iggeva setha war en crees an aules ewhall heb drogi veeth.
#Tregya, vrt an Gurroll iggeva gweell gen askern skooth davas, &c.

(Borlase MS., pp.159, 158)

Rag an Arlotha woolaes Kernow 
Dreth ‘guz kibmias beniggas Why ra cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas 
Kensa, urt an hagar-awal iggeva gweel do derevoll war ren ny keniffer termen drera ny moas durt Pedden an woolaes do Sillan 
Nessa, urt an Skavoll Crack-an-codna iggava setha war en Cres an awles ewhall (cries tutton Harry an lader) heb drog veeth 
Treega, urt an gurroll iggeva gwell gen askern skooth Davas... 
c) Daunce mine 
d) Carrack Looes en Cooes 
e) Eue Rateera war mean Merlin 
Ra leske pawl, pemsans, ha Newyn. 
f) Peth Prawnter. A priest’s goods or estate. 
g) Rag gun Arlothas da 
Ny en gweel gun moyha, 
h) Theram Ry do why an Bele ma 
do gware gen bonogath da;

(Bodleian MS. Carte 269...Mainly in Lhuyd’s hand)

==Links==
*Modern Cornish http://moderncornish.net/late-texts/Boson-Nicholas-theduchessofcornwallsprogress.html

Phrasal verbs

2025-09-02T07:22:42Z

Nicky:

Does Cornish have phrasal verbs?

==Verb + adv==
Normal verb + adv, not a phrasal verb:

* '''Sav yn-bann''' > sa 'bann > sa 'man = get up, stand up
**sevel already means rise, so why add yn-bann? French se lever
** sauem aman 'arise' [[Matthew II]]

* '''Ke yn-mes''' = go out

* '''drehevys 'mann''' 'sprung up' [[Matthew IV]]

*Arlodh Duw a dhanvonas Ev en-rag dhort... '''danvon yn-rag''' 'send forth' (from the Garden of Eden) [[Genesis III]]

*ev a helghyas mes an den - '''helghya yn-mes''' 'drive out' [[Genesis III]]

==Verb + particle==

* '''Ro yn-bann''' > Ro 'mann = give up (used with dhe) [[Why Ladar Gweader]]

* '''Gwrys yn-bann''' > gwres a-mann = made up (used with dhort) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

==Uncertain==
Verb + adv? Or verb + particle?

*'''merwel yn-kerdh''' > merwel e-ker = die out [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
**English influence?

Present participle

2025-09-02T07:19:06Z

Nicky: Created page with "==Simultaneous action== * Ha anjy a glowas lev an Arlodh Duw ow kerdhes e'n lowarth en yeynder an jedh 'they heard the voice of the Lord God walking in the garden in the cool..."

==Simultaneous action==

* Ha anjy a glowas lev an Arlodh Duw ow kerdhes e'n lowarth en yeynder an jedh 'they heard the voice of the Lord God walking in the garden in the cool of the day' [[Genesis III]]

Genitive of attribution

2025-09-02T07:18:12Z

Nicky:

*guelen a pren | a wraf synsy Gwelenn a brenn | a wrav synsi A rod of wood | I do hold. (OM1444)

Jesus Christ, the King of Joy
*ihesu cryst myghtern a ioy Ihesu Cryst, Myghtern a joy Jesus Christ, the King of joy (RD2416)

Jesus Christ, the heavenly king
*ihesu cryst myghtern a nef Ihesu Cryst, Myghtern a nev Jesus Christ the heavenly king (RD2262)

the King of Joy
*rak me a dyp bos hemma | an keth map eth alemma | yw myghtern a lowene rag my a dyb bos hemma | an keth Mab eth alemma | yw Myghtern a lowena For I swear that this is | That same Son who went hence | He is the King of Joy (RD2508-10)
*a hanas marth yw gene | os myghtern a lowene Ahanas marth yw gene' | os Myghtern a lowena I have wonder of thee | Thou art the King of joy (RD2565-6)

the Father of Heaven (heavenly father)
*En tas a nef ym gylwyr An Tas a Nev y'm gelwir The Father of Heaven I am called (OM1)

God of Heaven (heavenly god)
*me a grys ynno y sef | mar syw a barth dev a nef My a grys ynno y sev | mars yw a-barth Dyw a nev I believe he will stay in it | If he be on the part of God of heaven (RD2102-3)

God of Grace (since I am ..., I will let you...)
*Adam del of dev a ras Adam, dell ov Dyw a ras Adam, as I am the God of grace (OM73)

the world of light (NO A)
*gortos y thos ny a wra | ihesu cryst map maria | then beys golow gortos y dhos ni a wra | Ihesu Cryst Mab Maria | dhe'n bys golow We will await his coming | Jesus Christ, the Son of Mary | To the world of light (RD2412-14)

tree of knowledge
*yw pren a skeyens hynwys yw prenn a skians henwys It is named the tree of knowledge (OM80)
*Mara tybbryth a henna | yw hynwys pren a skyens Mara tybrydh a henna | yw henwys prenn a skians If thou eat of that | Which is named the tree of knowledge (OM81-2)

a garment of that suit
*my ny wylys yn wlas-ma | bythqueth dyllas a sevt-na My ny welas y'n wlas ma | bythkweyth dillas an sewt na I have not seen in this country | Ever a garment of that suit (RD2550-1)

a crown of thorns
*me a thuk curyn a spern my a dhug kurun a spern I wore a crown of thorns (RD2554)
*curyn a spern lym ha glev kurun a spern lymm ha glew A crown of thorns sharp and stiff (RD2582)

a cross of wood
*ow scons a fue crous a pren Ow stons a veu krows a brenn My standing was a cross of wood (RD2579)

a box of iron; the box of iron (BOTH)
*arluth yn trok a horn cref Arloedh, yn trog a horn krev My lord, in a box of strong iron (RD2135)
*teuleugh ef yn trok a horn tewlewgh ev yn trog a horn Cast it, in a box of iron (RD2162)
*yn trok horn y fyth teulys yn trog horn y fydh tewlys In a trunk of iron, shall be cast (RD2166)
*ow ottomma an trok horn Awottomma an trog horn! See here with me the iron box (RD2177) (THE)
*y dour tyber ef a fue | yn geler horn gorrys dovn Yn dor Tyber ev a veu | yn geler horn gorrys down In water of Tiber he was | In a coffin of iron put deep (RD2319-20)

*pows crohen 'a coat of skin' [[Genesis III]]

Subjunctive

2025-09-02T07:15:22Z

Nicky: /* Replaced by conditional? */

Subjunctive used in main clause?

Ny gaffen, war ow lowta,　kompessa prenn yn neb le OM2577 <-Mistake for conditional gafsen?

We may not get...

Mixed in one sentence
* rag sertan kemmys a'n krys | hag a vo lel besydhys RD1142-3

*Py le 'fydh an gwel plynsys, | may fons moyha enorys, | ha'n gwella may hwrons tevi? OM2032-4
**Lewis Pedersen p287 Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar - they say the subj of gul was reformed based on subj of mos - ello gwrello - could gwrons be a previous subjunctive form? Welsh has 3s gwnaho and 3p gwnahont, which would be gwraho and gwrahons in Cornish, h in subjunctive always disappeared, also Breton has 3s groay, 3p grahint, groaint)

==In indirect questions==
*bresel grev a veu sordys a'n grows piw ella dh'y doen PA160
*warnedhi prenn 'veu tewlys oll an bows piw a'n jeffa PA190
*rag godhvos pur yredi | piw a vo epskop dhyn ni BM2707-8

==John Boson==
John Boson uses 'bedh' to express the subjunctive:

*Worria guz Seera ha Dama el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. Gordhyo' agas sira ha dama, ell agas dedhyow bedh pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw. Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. (Exodus 20:12) (if ell is 'may', bedh is probably bos; but if ell is a particle for 'that', bedh could be subjunctive. ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ben[i]gas beth gus H[anow] benygys bedh agas hanow Hallowed be thy name ([[Pader an Arleth]])

*gus Brez beth gwres en Aor p’k[ar] drua en Neue agas breus bedh gwres, e'n Nor pekar dr'ywa en Nev Thy will be done, on Earth as it is in Heaven ([[Pader an Arleth]])

*Della betha 'Della bedh e So be it. (Boson's own translation) ([[Pader an Arleth]])

==Replaced by conditional?==
*Yma dhymmo hireth bras rag godhvos pandr'a via! I have a great longing to know what it might be! CW591 [subjunctive replaced by conditional?]

*Piw a wrug lawl dhis dell es'ta en noth? A wress'ta debry dhort an wedhen a wrug vy lawl dhis na wres ta debry? Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat? [[Genesis III]]
**na wrelles ta / na wresses ta > na wress'ta

==In adjectival relative clause==

*Rag liv bras my a dhoro, a guttho oll an norvys OM981-2 - I will bring a great flood, that it cover all the earth / that will cover all the earth?

Main Page

2025-09-02T07:10:49Z

Nicky: /* Grammar */

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Genitive of attribution]]
*[[Compound nouns]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Non-finite forms:
**[[Present participle]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*[[Phrasal verbs]]
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dri]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Phrasal verbs

2025-09-02T07:06:58Z

Nicky:

Does Cornish have phrasal verbs?

==Verb + adv==
Normal verb + adv, not a phrasal verb:

* '''Sav yn-bann''' > sa 'bann > sa 'man = get up, stand up
**sevel already means rise, so why add yn-bann? French se lever
** sauem aman 'arise' [[Matthew II]]

* '''Ke yn-mes''' = go out

* '''drehevys 'mann''' 'sprung up' [[Matthew IV]]

==Verb + particle==

* '''Ro yn-bann''' > Ro 'mann = give up (used with dhe) [[Why Ladar Gweader]]

* '''Gwrys yn-bann''' > gwres a-mann = made up (used with dhort) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

==Uncertain==
Verb + adv? Or verb + particle?

*'''merwel yn-kerdh''' > merwel e-ker = die out [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
**English influence?

Phrasal verbs

2025-09-02T07:04:15Z

Nicky:

Does Cornish have phrasal verbs?

==Verb + adv==
Normal verb + adv, not a phrasal verb:

* '''Sav yn-bann''' > sa 'bann > sa 'man = get up, stand up
**sevel already means rise, so why add yn-bann? French se lever

* '''Ke yn-mes''' = go out

* '''drehevys 'mann''' 'sprung up' [[Matthew IV]]

==Verb + particle==

* '''Ro yn-bann''' > Ro 'mann = give up (used with dhe) [[Why Ladar Gweader]]

* '''Gwrys yn-bann''' > gwres a-mann = made up (used with dhort) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

==Uncertain==
Verb + adv? Or verb + particle?

*'''merwel yn-kerdh''' > merwel e-ker = die out [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
**English influence?

Main Page

2025-09-02T06:17:11Z

Nicky: /* Grammar */

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Genitive of attribution]]
*[[Compound nouns]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*[[Phrasal verbs]]
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dri]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Compound nouns

2025-09-02T06:16:47Z

Nicky: Created page with "*ugens '''moldeer''' 'mile' (mil + tir) A Few Words about Cornish *an '''men bedh''' 'gravestone' (men + bedh) A Few Words about Cornish *e '''Bargenteer''' 'manor' (..."

*ugens '''moldeer''' 'mile' (mil + tir) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
*an '''men bedh''' 'gravestone' (men + bedh) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
*e '''Bargenteer''' 'manor' (bargen + tir) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
*an '''Pobel-choy''' 'servants' (pobel + chi) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
*'''tra-gweele''' 'business' (tra + gwul) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

==Not a compound?==
*'''Codna teer''' 'peninsula' (translated as 'neck of land' by NBoson) konna a dir? [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

Menja Tiz Kernuak buz gasowas

2025-09-02T06:02:54Z

Nicky:

{| {| class="hengovektable" width="100%"
! || Original || SWF || Translation
|-
| 1 || Menja Tiz Kernuak buz gasowas tha kanna vee gy el e glowas Rag fyr ha mescack thew e gwreze Ubba en Tale gullas en Beze || 'Menja tus Kernowek bus goslowes dhe' kana vy jei 'ell y glowes Rag fur ha muskok yth yw ev gwres Obma en toll goles an bes || Would that Cornish people but listen to my songs, they can hear it For wise and mad he is made Here in the bottom hole of the Earth
|-
| 2 || Rag me a venja cowas na peath della na vee a denneth tha weath Rag an pocar ez en pedd’n ha peege gungans mee a vedd’n || Rag my a venja kawas neppeth 'della na via a den veth dhe weth Rag an pekar eus en pedn ha peji ganjans my a vedn || For I would have something so it would not be of any man [...] For the like that is in head and pray with them I will
|-
| 3 || Ma tha ni Materne da ha maternes maga Ta Besca Rig dane Roul en Gwalaze buz nag ew an Pobel vaze || 'Ma dhen ni mytern da ha myternes magata Byskath wrug den rowlya en gwlas bus nag yw an bobel vas || We have a good King and a fine Queen ever did man rule in the land but the people are not good
|-
| 4 || Eve Rig doaz thurt pow e whonnen Tiz da gunju Leeas wonnen Gorolyon da droaze e war dower Sowias E vownas kerra vel ow’r || Ev 'wrug dos dhort pow y honen Tus da ganjo, lies onen Gorholyon da a dhros ev war dhowr Sawyas y vownans kerra 'vel owr ||He did come from his own land Good people with him, many a one Good ships brought him on water Saved his life more precious than gold
|-
| 5 || pereeg eve gurra Trooze war Tîr Eve welcumbes me ore Gwîr ha tha vethes tha Careesk maga sowe besca ve pesk || Pan wrug ev gorra troos war dir Ev 'veu wolkobmys, my 'wor gwir ha dhe vedhes dhe Geresk maga saw [dell] byskath veu pesk || When he did put foot on land He was welcomed, I know true and to [...] to Exeter as safe ever was a fish
|-
| 6 || Enna na rig eve Trigass pel Buz eath tha wheelas an peath o gwel an Jooal rag gurra war e bedd’n ha e weetha eve a vedd’n || Ena na wrug ev trigas pell Bus eth dhe hwilas an peth o gwell An Jowel rag gorra war y bedn ha y witha ev a vedn ||There he did not stay long But went to seek that which was better The jewel to put on his head and keep it he will
|-
| 7 || Mattern james rig quachas e stoppia bus E na allja e theath tha gloppia Eve rig quachas moaze tha an gwella ternuan bus e gothas drez an ne wharn || Mytern Jamys 'wrug gwaytyas y stoppya bus ev na allja, ev 'dheuth dhe gloppya. Ev 'wrug gwaytyas moas dhe’n gwella ternewen bus ev a godhas dres en duwon || King James did hope to stop him but he could not, he came to limp He did hope to go to the best side but he fell between in grief
|-
| 8 || Ha ul e poble poonias tha Gova Hemma e bra gwarre why na gova Ha e tha worthen eath e whonnen rag cowas gen e gare Trip-Cunnen || Ha oll y bobel 'bonyas dhe gova Hemma, [....] gwari, hwei na gova Ha ev dhe Wordhen eth y honen rag kawas gen y gar Tripconin || And all his people ran to remember This, [...] play, you do not remember And he to Ireland went himself to get by his dear Tripconin
|-
| 9 || Enna e wraze Lowar wheal tha weel Bowneege kelles Leeas meel buz materen Wille wraze an wheal ha fesias gy car vez an gweal || Ena ev 'wras lowr hwel dhe wul Bownansow kellys, lies mil bus mytern Wella 'wras an hwel ha fesyas jei 'kerdh 'ves a'n gwel || There he made enough work to do Lives lost, many a thousand but King William made the work and chased them away out of the field
|-
| 10 || Nenna e eath car rag Frink rag debre an Tacklow ewe per trink ma enna whath eve me ore gwîr ha plodia gen an hagar veer || Nena ev eth 'kerdh rag Frynk Rag debri an taklow yw pur drynk 'Ma ena hwath ev, my 'wor gwir ha plodya gen an hager vir || Then he went away for France To eat the things that are very [...] There is there still him, I know true and [...] with the ugly sight
|-
| 11 || ha enna ni e ved’n e ara amesk an poble ez e gara ha moaz tha wellaz an peath ez gwreze en pow an Flemmen amesk an Tîz || ha ena ni a vedn y ara en-mesk an bobel eus y gara ha moas dhe weles an peth eus gwres en Pow an Flemen en-mesk an dus || And there we will leave him amongst the people who love him and go to see that which is made in Flanders amongst the people
|-
| 12 || Enna ma Leeas wonnen kelles Kana geegans tha boaze gwelles ha muy dale moaz tha an gletha stella an lacca berra a mesk an gwellah || Ena 'ma lies onen kellys Kana [....] dhe vos gwelys ha moy a dal mos dhe'n gledha stella an lacka [...] en-mesk an gwella || There there is many a one lost Sing [...] to be seen and more should go to the sword still the worst [...] amongst the best
|-
| 13 || Ma Materen ni doaz Tre beddn wave ha moaze car arta pe teffa have Dewe reffa e sowia Tre ha leaze ha gweel e vownas mear a heaze || Yma 'metern ni 'toas tre 'bedn 'wav ha moas 'kerdh arta pan dheffo hav Duw r'effo y sawya, tre ha 'les ha gwul y vownans meur a hes || Our King is going home before winter and going away again when summer comes God save him, home and abroad and make his life much of length
|-
| 14 || menja e buz gweel dua an Streef ter ni ha’n Creege thua Materen Frink thera vee a menia na venja hedda whath gun greevia || A menja ev bus gwul diwedh an strif dre ni ha'n [...] Mytern Frynk 'th erov vy ow menya Na venja hedna hwath 'gan grevya. || Would he but make an end the struggle through us and the [...] The King of France I am meaning That one would not still trouble us.
|}

==Notes==
Henry Jenner comments: "Song on James II and William of Orange, by John Tonkin of St Just, a tailor, who appears to have been a solitary Whig in a nation of Jacobites, as with very few exceptions the Cornish certainly were. It begins, "Menja tiz Kernuak buz galowas," and consists of fourteen four-lined stanzas of modern Cornish, probably composed in 1695" (Handbook)

*SGMC calls this TT (Thomas Tonkin) but Neil Kennedy says it's confused (Te ha Tesednow)

==Links==
*Modern Cornish http://www.moderncornish.net/late-texts/Tonkin-John-kannakernuak.html
*Te ha Tesednow http://nebesgeryow.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/kanna-kernuak-cana-kernowek.html

==Reference==
(BM Add MSS 28554, f.130) OC no12 Winter 1930 (Not in own hand-some errors in copy?)

Menja Tiz Kernuak buz gasowas

2025-09-02T06:02:28Z

Nicky:

{| {| class="hengovektable" width="100%"
! || Original || SWF || Translation
|-
| 1 || Menja Tiz Kernuak buz gasowas tha kanna vee gy el e glowas Rag fyr ha mescack thew e gwreze Ubba en Tale gullas en Beze || 'Menja tus Kernowek bus goslowes dhe' kana vy jei 'ell y glowes Rag fur ha muskok yth yw ev gwres Obma en toll goles an bes || Would that Cornish people but listen to my songs, they can hear it For wise and mad he is made Here in the bottom hole of the Earth
|-
| 2 || Rag me a venja cowas na peath della na vee a denneth tha weath Rag an pocar ez en pedd’n ha peege gungans mee a vedd’n || Rag my a venja kawas neppeth 'della na via a den veth dhe weth Rag an pekar eus en pedn ha peji ganjans my a vedn || For I would have something so it would not be of any man [...] For the like that is in head and pray with them I will
|-
| 3 || Ma tha ni Materne da ha maternes maga Ta Besca Rig dane Roul en Gwalaze buz nag ew an Pobel vaze || 'Ma dhen ni mytern da ha myternes magata Byskath wrug den rowlya en gwlas bus nag yw an bobel vas || We have a good King and a fine Queen ever did man rule in the land but the people are not good
|-
| 4 || Eve Rig doaz thurt pow e whonnen Tiz da gunju Leeas wonnen Gorolyon da droaze e war dower Sowias E vownas kerra vel ow’r || Ev 'wrug dos dhort pow y honen Tus da ganjo, lies onen Gorholyon da a dhros ev war dhowr Sawyas y vownans kerra 'vel owr ||He did come from his own land Good people with him, many a one Good ships brought him on water Saved his life more precious than gold
|-
| 5 || pereeg eve gurra Trooze war Tîr Eve welcumbes me ore Gwîr ha tha vethes tha Careesk maga sowe besca ve pesk || Pan wrug ev gorra troos war dir Ev 'veu wolkobmys, my 'wor gwir ha dhe vedhes dhe Geresk maga saw [dell] byskath veu pesk || When he did put foot on land He was welcomed, I know true and to [...] to Exeter as safe ever was a fish
|-
| 6 || Enna na rig eve Trigass pel Buz eath tha wheelas an peath o gwel an Jooal rag gurra war e bedd’n ha e weetha eve a vedd’n || Ena na wrug ev trigas pell Bus eth dhe hwilas an peth o gwell An Jowel rag gorra war y bedn ha y witha ev a vedn ||There he did not stay long But went to seek that which was better The jewel to put on his head and keep it he will
|-
| 7 || Mattern james rig quachas e stoppia bus E na allja e theath tha gloppia Eve rig quachas moaze tha an gwella ternuan bus e gothas drez an ne wharn || Mytern Jamys 'wrug gwaytyas y stoppya bus ev na allja, ev 'dheuth dhe gloppya. Ev 'wrug gwaytyas moas dhe’n gwella ternewen bus ev a godhas dres en duwon || King James did hope to stop him but he could not, he came to limp He did hope to go to the best side but he fell between in grief
|-
| 8 || Ha ul e poble poonias tha Gova Hemma e bra gwarre why na gova Ha e tha worthen eath e whonnen rag cowas gen e gare Trip-Cunnen || Ha oll y bobel 'bonyas dhe gova Hemma, [....] gwari, hwei na gova Ha ev dhe Wordhen eth y honen rag kawas gen y gar Tripconin || And all his people ran to remember This, [...] play, you do not remember And he to Ireland went himself to get by his dear Tripconin
|-
| 9 || Enna e wraze Lowar wheal tha weel Bowneege kelles Leeas meel buz materen Wille wraze an wheal ha fesias gy car vez an gweal || Ena ev 'wras lowr hwel dhe wul Bownansow kellys, lies mil bus mytern Wella 'wras an hwel ha fesyas jei 'kerdh 'ves a'n gwel || There he made enough work to do Lives lost, many a thousand but King William made the work and chased them away out of the field
|-
| 10 || Nenna e eath car rag Frink rag debre an Tacklow ewe per trink ma enna whath eve me ore gwîr ha plodia gen an hagar veer || Nena ev eth 'kerdh rag Frynk Rag debri an taklow yw pur drynk 'Ma ena hwath ev, my 'wor gwir ha plodya gen an hager vir || Then he went away for France To eat the things that are very [...] There is there still him, I know true and [...] with the ugly sight
|-
| 11 || ha enna ni e ved’n e ara amesk an poble ez e gara ha moaz tha wellaz an peath ez gwreze en pow an Flemmen amesk an Tîz || ha ena ni a vedn y ara en-mesk an bobel eus y gara ha moas dhe weles an peth eus gwres en Pow an Flemen en-mesk an dus || And there we will leave him amongst the people who love him and go to see that which is made in Flanders amongst the people
|-
| 12 || Enna ma Leeas wonnen kelles Kana geegans tha boaze gwelles ha muy dale moaz tha an gletha stella an lacca berra a mesk an gwellah || Ena 'ma lies onen kellys Kana [....] dhe vos gwelys ha moy a dal mos dhe'n gledha stella an lacka [...] en-mesk an gwella || There there is many a one lost Sing [...] to be seen and more should go to the sword still the worst [...] amongst the best
|-
| 13 || Ma Materen ni doaz Tre beddn wave ha moaze car arta pe teffa have Dewe reffa e sowia Tre ha leaze ha gweel e vownas mear a heaze || Yma 'metern ni 'toas tre 'bedn 'wav ha moas 'kerdh arta pan dheffo hav Duw reffo y sawya, tre ha 'les ha gwul y vownans meur a hes || Our King is going home before winter and going away again when summer comes God save him, home and abroad and make his life much of length
|-
| 14 || menja e buz gweel dua an Streef ter ni ha’n Creege thua Materen Frink thera vee a menia na venja hedda whath gun greevia || A menja ev bus gwul diwedh an strif dre ni ha'n [...] Mytern Frynk 'th erov vy ow menya Na venja hedna hwath 'gan grevya. || Would he but make an end the struggle through us and the [...] The King of France I am meaning That one would not still trouble us.
|}

==Notes==
Henry Jenner comments: "Song on James II and William of Orange, by John Tonkin of St Just, a tailor, who appears to have been a solitary Whig in a nation of Jacobites, as with very few exceptions the Cornish certainly were. It begins, "Menja tiz Kernuak buz galowas," and consists of fourteen four-lined stanzas of modern Cornish, probably composed in 1695" (Handbook)

*SGMC calls this TT (Thomas Tonkin) but Neil Kennedy says it's confused (Te ha Tesednow)

==Links==
*Modern Cornish http://www.moderncornish.net/late-texts/Tonkin-John-kannakernuak.html
*Te ha Tesednow http://nebesgeryow.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/kanna-kernuak-cana-kernowek.html

==Reference==
(BM Add MSS 28554, f.130) OC no12 Winter 1930 (Not in own hand-some errors in copy?)

Ni venja pea

2025-09-02T06:00:10Z

Nicky:

{| class="hengovektable" width="100%"
! || Original || SWF || Translation
|-
| 1 || Ni venja pea a munna seer ez boaze whele es car thurt an Tir ca veea a Vlethan veth mar hir ni veea plaises me ore gwir || Nei 'venja pe an mona sur eus [ow] poas hwilys 'kerdh dhort an tir ke via a vledhen 'vedh mar hir nei 'via plesys, my 'wor gwir || We would pay the money sure that is being sought far from the land though it would be the year that will be so long we would be pleased I know true
|-
| 2 || Ma Leeas peege etha dirria pel buz peea dua e veean gwel ni veea preeze da rag an stean ha rag an Hearn thurt Willie Mean || 'Ma lies [ow] peji ev dhe durya pell bus 'pia diwedh ev 'via gwell nei 'via pris da rag an sten ha rag an hern dhort Willy Men || There are many praying that he lasts long but would there be an end it would be better we would have a good price for the tin and for the pilchards from Willy Men
|-
| 3 || Buz lebben preze ewe rag gweel dua ha clappia fyrrah whath rag trua rag leeas mascogna ma laveres ha an gwella ewe nakeves || Bes lebmyn pres yw rag gwul diwedh ha klappya furra hwath rag truedh rag lies muskognedh 'ma leverys ha an gwella yw nakevys || But now it is time to make an end and talk more wisely still for pity for many a madness there is said and the best is forgotten
|-
| 4 || Dewe reffa Sowia an Egles ni ha an prounter da eze et angy ha gweel than gy ul servia Dewe an Pobel en kaniffar Plewe || Duw 'wrella sawya an eglos nei ha an pronter da eus et anjei ha gwul dh'anjei oll servya Duw an bobel en keniver pluw || God save our church and the good vicar there is in them and make them all serve God the people in every parish
|-
| 5 || an Proanter ni ez en plew East grouns e broaze carra Apostle Chreest magga pel ter el eve heathes ha nenna Dewe e vedd’n e worras || an pronter nei eus en Pluw Ust Gwrens e' boas 'kar ha apostel Krist maga pell der ell ev hedhes ha nena Duw ev 'vedn y worras || The vicar of ours there is in St Just Let him be like Christ's apostle as far as he can reach and then God he will [...] him
|-
| 6 || ha ni an Poble ul dale gweel an peath egge e Lal tha ni da zeel ha rie gun gwella scovarn dotha na dale ni gurra ul tha gotha || ha nei an bobel oll 'dal gwul an peth uji ev le'el dhe'nei de'Sul ha rei agan gwella skovarn dhodho na dal [dhe] nei gorra oll dhe godha || And we the people all should do that which he says to us on Sunday and give our best ears to him we ought not put all to loss
|-
| 7 || Lebben Dewe reffa gun Sowia ul nenna na geath denneth tha gul Glaze Neave tha enna ni veath a heaze mar ta ni gweel da war an Beaze. || Lebmyn Duw r'effo agan sawya oll nena nag eth den veth dhe goll Gwlas Nev dhe ena nei 'vedh a-hes mar teu'ni [ha] gwul da war an bes. || Now may God save us all then no man goes to loss The land of Heaven there we will be along if we do good in the world.
|}

==Notes==
Jenner comments: "A song of moral advice [...] beginning "Ni venja pea a munna seer," and consisting of seven four-lined stanzas, only one of which, beginning "An Prounter ni ez en Plew East," has been printed (from the Borlase MS.) in the Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall for 1866. The complete song is in the Gwavas MS., and has never been published." (Handbook)

==Links==
*Modern Cornish http://www.moderncornish.net/late-texts/Tonkin-John-nivenjapea.html
*Te ha Tesednow http://nebesgeryow.blogspot.co.uk/2015/04/nei-venja-pe-mona-sur-gen-john-tonkin.html

==Reference==
*Gwavas MS –BM.Add.MSS.28,554,f.131)OC No.11 Summer 1930

Genitive of attribution

2025-09-02T03:01:01Z

Nicky:

Main Page

2025-09-01T08:28:49Z

Nicky: /* Grammar */

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Genitive of attribution]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*[[Phrasal verbs]]
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dri]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Compounds]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Genitive of attribution

2025-09-01T08:28:15Z

Nicky: Created page with "*guelen a pren | a wraf synsy Gwelenn a brenn | a wrav synsi A rod of wood | I do hold. (OM1444) Jesus Christ, the King of Joy *ihesu cryst myghtern a ioy Ihesu Crys..."

Apposition

2025-09-01T08:27:59Z

Nicky:

God the Father
*an tas dev dren spyrys sans An Tas Dyw dre'n Spyrys Sans God the Father, through the Holy Ghost (RD2610)

the Mount of Olives
*scon alemma why a spetd | bys yn meneth olyuetd Skon alemma hwi a sped | bys y'n Menydh Olyuetd You immediately hasten hence | Even to the Mount of Olives (RD2397-8)
*dun then meneth olyved Deun dhe'n Menydh Olyved Let us go to the Mount of Olives (RD2409)

the River Tiber; the Tiber
*yn dour tyber ef a sef yn dowr Tyber ev a sev In the water of Tiber he will stay (RD2136)
*yn dour tyber yn nep corn yn dowr Tyber yn neb korn Into the river Tiber in some corner (RD2163)
*yn tyber yn dour pur dovn yn Tyber, yn dowr pur dhown Into the Tiber, in very deep water (RD2167)
*den dreys dour tyber nynsa | yn certan navo marow den dres dowr Tyber nyns a | yn sertan na vo marow A man goes not over the river Tiber | Certainly, without being killed (RD2214-5)
*y dour tyber ef a fue | yn geler horn gorrys dovn Yn dor Tyber ev a veu | yn geler horn gorrys down In water of Tiber he was | In a coffin of iron put deep (RD2319-20)

Jesus Christ, the Son of Mary
*ihesu cryst map maria Ihesu Cryst Mab Maria Jesus Christ, the Son of Mary (RD2413)

Jesus Christ, the King of Joy
*ihesu cryst myghtern a ioy Ihesu Cryst, Myghtern a joy Jesus Christ, the King of joy (RD2416)

Jesus Christ, the King of Heaven (heavenly king)
*ihesu cryst myghtern a nef Ihesu Cryst, Myghtern a nev Jesus Christ the heavenly king (RD2262)

King of Heaven
*a ihesu cryst myghtern nef A Ihesu Cryst, Myghtern nev O Jesus Christ, King of heaven (RD2421)
*myghtern nef re by gorthys Myghtern nev, re bi gordhys The King of heaven be worshipped! (RD2523)
*ihesu cryst myghtern a nef Ihesu Cryst, Myghtern a nev Jesus Christ the King of heaven (RD2262)

the Father of Heaven (heavenly father)
*En tas a nef ym gylwyr An Tas a Nev y'm gelwir The Father of Heaven I am called (OM1)

the Son of God
*ellas my ny wothyen man | bones map dev y honan | degenow yn mes an nef Ellas, my ny wodhyen mann | bones mab Dyw y honan | degynsow yn-mes a nev Alas ! I knew not at all | To be the Son of God himself | Departed out of heaven (RD2559-61)
*a huhon map dev a seyf A-ughon Mab Dyw a sev On high the Son of God will remain (2612)
*drefen fals brugy map dev drefen fals breusi Mab Dyw Because of the false sentence of the Son of God (RD2199)

the Son of Mary
*map maria Mab Maria The Son of Mary (RD2200)
*ha bennath map maria ha bennath Mab Maria And the blessing of the Son of Mary (RD2238)

the son of the evil one
*map an ievan mab an jevan The son of the evil one (RD2282)

the Kingdom of Heaven
*yn ban bys yn glascor nef yn-bann bys yn gwlaskor nev Up even to the kingdom of heaven (RD2402)
*yn gulascor nef yn gwlaskor nev In the kingdom of heaven (RD2513)
*rak pur wyr yth hep coras | dre y ober glascor nef rag pur wir yth hepkorras | dre y ober gwlaskor nev For in very truth he renounced, | by his works, the kingdom of heaven (RD2337-8)

God of Heaven (heavenly god)
*me a grys ynno y sef | mar syw a barth dev a nef My a grys ynno y sev | mars yw a-barth Dyw a nev I believe he will stay in it | If he be on the part of God of heaven (RD2102-3)

the Saviour of the World
*sylwadur beys Selwador bys The Saviour of the world (RD2486)

Creator of Heaven and Earth
*del os formyas nef han beys Dell os formyas nev ha'n bys As thou art Creator of heaven and earth (RD2524)

the blessing of the Son of Mary
*ha bennath map maria ha bennath Mab Maria And the blessing of the Son of Mary (RD2238)

the world of light
*gortos y thos ny a wra | ihesu cryst map maria | then beys golow gortos y dhos ni a wra | Ihesu Cryst Mab Maria | dhe'n bys golow We will await his coming | Jesus Christ, the Son of Mary | To the world of light (RD2412-14)

the sin of mankind
*kyns pegh map den am sorras Kyns pegh mab-den a'm sorras First the sin of mankind provoked me (RD2572)

the gate(s) of hell
*porth yfarn me a torras Porth ifarn my a dorras The gate of hell I have broken (RD2574)
*porthow yfarn a torras | yn mes adam hag eue porthow ifarn a dorras | yn-mes Adam hag Eue The gates of hell he broke | out Adam and Eve (RD2633-4)

the resurrection of Christ
*a tus vas why re welas | a thasserghyens crist del fue A dus vas, hwi re welas | a Dhasserghyans Cryst dell veu O good people, you have seen | The Resurrection of Christ as it was (RD2631-2)

the day of judgement
*bys yn deth brevs bys yn Jydh Breus Till the day of judgment (RD2140)

man or woman's torment
*a torment gour na benen | my ny thowtyaf tra yn beys a dorment gour na benyn | my ny dhoutyav tra y'n bys Of torment from man or woman | I fear not any thing in the world (RD2425-6)

the blood of my heart
*map den my re wruk prenne | gans gos ow colon na fe | nep a wrussyn ny kyllys mab-den my re wrug prena | gans goes ow holonn, na ve | neb a wrussyn ni kellys Mankind I have redeemed | With the blood of my heart, that there may not be | Any that we should lose (RD2622-4)

the body of the fellow
*kemereugh corf an drok was Kemmerewgh korf an drogwas Take the body of the wicked fellow (RD2159)

the fire of the devil
*tan an ioul mur thy lysky Tan an jowl meur dh'y leski The fire of the great devil to burn him (RD2175)

the false sentence of the Son of God
*drefen fals brugy map dev drefen fals breusi Mab Dyw Because of the false sentence of the Son of God (RD2199)

the curses of every parish
*ha genes mollat pup plu ha genes mollath pub plu And with thee the curses of all the parish (RD2198)

the curse of God and the angels and saints
*gans mollat dev hay eleth | ha syns keffrys gans mollath Dyw ha'n Eledh | ha sens keffrys With the curse of God, and his angels | And saints also. (RD2287-8)

the curse of the saints and God
*ha ganso mollath an syns | ha dev a van ha ganso mollath an sens | ha Dyw a-vann And with him the curse of the saints | And God above (RD2293-4)

the body of Pilate
*the kerghas gans y enef | corf pylat gans mur a greys dhe gyrghes, gans y enev | korf Pylat gans mur a gris To carry with his soul | The body of Pilate with much strength (RD2309-10)

the cost of silver or gold
*a wos cost arhans nag our | greugh y tenne mes an dour Awos kost arghans nag owr | gwrewgh y denna mes a'n dowr For cost of silver or gold | Drag him out of the water (RD2231-2)

a box of iron; the box of iron
*arluth yn trok a horn cref Arloedh, yn trog a horn krev My lord, in a box of strong iron (RD2135)
*teuleugh ef yn trok a horn tewlewgh ev yn trog a horn Cast it, in a box of iron (RD2162)
*yn trok horn y fyth teulys yn trog horn y fydh tewlys In a trunk of iron, shall be cast (RD2166)
*ow ottomma an trok horn Awottomma an trog horn! See here with me the iron box (RD2177) (THE)

a coffin of iron
*y dour tyber ef a fue | yn geler horn gorrys dovn Yn dor Tyber ev a veu | yn geler horn gorrys down In water of Tiber he was | In a coffin of iron put deep (RD2319-20)

a piece of the flesh
*worto y glynes hardlych | ran an kyc bys yn ascorn orto y glenas hardlych | rann a'n kig, bys y'n askorn To it stuck closely | A piece of the flesh even to the bone (RD2597-8)

all of Adam's sins
*ol pegh adam pan prennas oll pegh Adam pan brenas When he redeemed all the sins of Adam (RD2562)

all evil sorts of pain
*a pup drok maner ponow a bub drog vaner poenow And all evil sorts of pains (RD2346)

the creator of all things
*formyer pup tra a vyth gvrys formyer puptra a vydh gwrys The Creator of all things that are made (OM2)

the middle of the sky
*yn creys an ebron avan yn kres an ebrenn a-vann In the midst of the sky above (OM38)

outcries of the devils
*skrynva vras an dewolow skrinva vras an dhewolow Great outcries of devils (RD2344)

a tavern
*orth vn prys ly orth unn prys li At a tavern (RD2149)

my tail/asshole
*ye regymmy tol ow guen Ye, rej ymmi toll ow gwenn! I wag my tail at ye (RD2355)

Phrasal verbs

2025-08-26T05:16:29Z

Nicky:

Does Cornish have phrasal verbs?

==Verb + adv==
Normal verb + adv, not a phrasal verb:

* '''Sav yn-bann''' > sa 'bann > sa 'man = get up, stand up
**sevel already means rise, so why add yn-bann? French se lever

* '''Ke yn-mes''' = go out

==Verb + particle==

* '''Ro yn-bann''' > Ro 'mann = give up (used with dhe) [[Why Ladar Gweader]]

* '''Gwrys yn-bann''' > gwres a-mann = made up (used with dhort) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

==Uncertain==
Verb + adv? Or verb + particle?

*'''merwel yn-kerdh''' > merwel e-ker = die out [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
**English influence?

Phrasal verbs

2025-08-26T05:16:05Z

Nicky:

Does Cornish have phrasal verbs?

==Verb + adv==
Normal verb + adv, not a phrasal verb:

* Sav yn-bann > sa 'bann > sa 'man = get up, stand up
**sevel already means rise, so why add yn-bann? French se lever

* Ke yn-mes = go out

==Verb + particle==

* Ro yn-bann > Ro 'mann = give up (used with dhe) [[Why Ladar Gweader]]

* Gwrys yn-bann > gwres a-mann = made up (used with dhort) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

==Uncertain==
Verb + adv? Or verb + particle?

*merwel yn-kerdh > merwel e-ker = die out [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
**English influence?

Phrasal verbs

2025-08-26T04:59:56Z

Nicky: Created page with "Does Cornish have phrasal verbs? ==Verb + adv== Normal verb + adv, not a phrasal verb: * Sav yn-bann > sa 'bann > sa 'man = get up, stand up **sevel already means rise, so w..."

Main Page

2025-08-26T04:56:55Z

Nicky: /* Grammar */

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*[[Phrasal verbs]]
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dri]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Compounds]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Yn unn

2025-08-26T04:16:25Z

Nicky:

=Verbs=
==fistena==
mos
*te ke yn vn fystene | ȝe voth may fo colenwys "Ty ke yn unn fistena, | dha vodh may fo kollenwys, Hurry away so that your purpose may be fulfilled (PA48)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝen tyller ganso o ordnys i eth yn unn fistena | dhe'n tyller kyns o ord'nys They hastened to the place which had been previously arranged. (PA176)

*y eth yn vn fystene | peswar marrek yrvys ens i eth yn unn fistena | peswar marghek ervys ens they went in haste. they were four armed soldiers. (PA241)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝe pylat aga Iustis i eth yn unn fistena | dhe pilat aga justis They hastened to Pilate their magistrate. (PA248)

gul

*del won yn vn fystene | me as gura ny strechyaff pell dell wonn yn unn fistena | my a's gwra ny strechyav pell i will make them as best i can. i will not be long. (PA158)

==stevya==
mos
*In vn stevya oll y eth | bys yn pylat o Iustis yn unn stevya oll i eth | bys yn pilat o justis They all rushed to Pilate who was a magistrate. (PA239)

==skolkya==
dos
*why a theth ȝym yn arvow | dre dreyson yn un scolchye | gans boclers ha cleȝyȝyow | thom kemeres ȝom syndye | ȝom peynye bys yn crow hwi a dheuth dhymm yn arvow | dre dreyson yn unn skolkya | gans boklers ha kledhedhyow | dhe'm kemmeres dhe'm shyndya | dhe'm paynia bys yn krow You have come to me armed, treacherously, furtively, with shields and swords to arrest me, to harm me, to torture me to death (PA74)

==garma==
holya
*Benenas prest a holyas | Ihesu crist yn vn garme benynes prest a holyas | yesu krist yn unn arma Wailing women incessantly followed Jesus Christ. (PA168)

==bramma==
fia
*an beth pan thueth ha lamme | y fyys yn vn vramme | ovn kemerys A'n bedh pan dheuth ha lamma | y fiis yn unn vramma | own kemmeris From the grave when he comes and leaps | Thou fleest in a tremor | Seized by fear (RD2093-5)

==trettya==
mos
*an epscop han doctour flour | me as kergh uskis theth tour | moys a raff in vn trettya An epskop ha'n doktour flour | my a's kyrgh uskis dhe'th tour. | Mos a wrav yn unn drettya. The Bishop and the flower of doctors | I will fetch them quickly to thy tower. | I will go in a turn. (BM1391-3)

=Nouns=
==hanas==
kewsel
*yn le may then yn trevow | yn splan me as derevas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a dryff tus yn vn hanas yn le mayth en y'n trevow | yn splann my a's derivas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a-dryv tus yn unn hanas wherever i went in the towns i declared them clearly. i did not speak in the dark, whispering behind people. (PA79)

=By meaning=

go in a hurry
*te ke yn vn fystene | ȝe voth may fo colenwys "Ty ke yn unn fistena, | dha vodh may fo kollenwys, Hurry away so that your purpose may be fulfilled (PA48)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝen tyller ganso o ordnys i eth yn unn fistena | dhe'n tyller kyns o ord'nys They hastened to the place which had been previously arranged. (PA176)

*y eth yn vn fystene | peswar marrek yrvys ens i eth yn unn fistena | peswar marghek ervys ens they went in haste. they were four armed soldiers. (PA241)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝe pylat aga Iustis i eth yn unn fistena | dhe pilat aga justis They hastened to Pilate their magistrate. (PA248)

make in a hurry
*del won yn vn fystene | me as gura ny strechyaff pell dell wonn yn unn fistena | my a's gwra ny strechyav pell i will make them as best i can. i will not be long. (PA158)

went in a rush
*In vn stevya oll y eth | bys yn pylat o Iustis yn unn stevya oll i eth | bys yn pilat o justis They all rushed to Pilate who was a magistrate. (PA239)

come to me furtively
*why a theth ȝym yn arvow | dre dreyson yn un scolchye | gans boclers ha cleȝyȝyow | thom kemeres ȝom syndye | ȝom peynye bys yn crow hwi a dheuth dhymm yn arvow | dre dreyson yn unn skolkya | gans boklers ha kledhedhyow | dhe'm kemmeres dhe'm shyndya | dhe'm paynia bys yn krow You have come to me armed, treacherously, furtively, with shields and swords to arrest me, to harm me, to torture me to death (PA74)

speak whispering
*yn le may then yn trevow | yn splan me as derevas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a dryff tus yn vn hanas yn le mayth en y'n trevow | yn splann my a's derivas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a-dryv tus yn unn hanas wherever i went in the towns i declared them clearly. i did not speak in the dark, whispering behind people. (PA79)

followed wailing
*Benenas prest a holyas | Ihesu crist yn vn garme benynes prest a holyas | yesu krist yn unn arma Wailing women incessantly followed Jesus Christ. (PA168)

he fled farting
*an beth pan thueth ha lamme | y fyys yn vn vramme | ovn kemerys A'n bedh pan dheuth ha lamma | y fiis yn unn vramma | own kemmeris From the grave when he comes and leaps | Thou fleest in a tremor | Seized by fear (RD2093-5)

go in a turn
*an epscop han doctour flour | me as kergh uskis theth tour | moys a raff in vn trettya An epskop ha'n doktour flour | my a's kyrgh uskis dhe'th tour. | Mos a wrav yn unn drettya. The Bishop and the flower of doctors | I will fetch them quickly to thy tower. | I will go in a turn. (BM1391-3)

Pan

2025-08-19T06:30:42Z

Nicky: /* Unclear present or pres. subjunctive */

==pan + present==
*y worthye y teleth theys | mar vskys pan glew the lef y wordhya y telledh dhis | mar uskis pan glyw dha lev To worship him is incumbent on thee | So quickly when he hears thy voice (OM1775-6) after/since?
*ma ov wolon ov ranne | pan glewaf cous an par-ne 'Ma ow holonn ow ranna | pan glywav kows a'n par na. My heart is separating | When I hear you talk so. (OM2181-2) upon?
*pan wreth hepcor an bevnens | hep guthyl na moy cheyson | a hugh an eleth han sens | ty a thue the nef thum tron pan wredh hepkorr an bywnans | heb guthyl namoy cheson | a-ugh an eledh ha'n sens | ty a dheu dhe nev dhe'm tron When thou shalt put away life, | Without suffering any more trouble, | Over the angels and the saints, | Thou shalt come to heaven to my throne. (RD459-62)
*a pylat wolcom os fest | rak me ath car dev yn test | pan yth welaf | del leuaraf yn tor-ma | gul drok thyso ny vynna | byth ny garaf A Pylat, wolkom os fest, | rag my a'th kar, dyw yn test! | '''Pan y'th welav''', | dell lavarav, y'n tor' ma | gul drog dhiso ny vynna' | bydh ny garav. O Pilate ! thou art most welcome. | For I love thee, God witnesses it, | When I see thee ; | As I say at this time, | I will not do harm to thee ; | I never like. (RD1811-16)
*an eleth omma yv guyn | avel an houl pan thywhyn An Eledh omma yw gwynn | avel an howl '''pan dhewyn''' The angels here are white | Like the sun when it shines (RD2532-3)

==pan + preterite==
*pan gemert kyg a werhas '''pan gemer't''' kig a werghes when he accepted a virgin's flesh (PA3)
*ȝen bys pan deyskynnas dhe'n bys '''pan dhiyskynnas''' when he came down to Earth (PA5)
*I vam pan yn drehevys Y vamm '''pan y'n drehevis''' When his Mother (had) brought him up (PA10)
*Han ioull henna pan glewas Ha'n Jowl henna '''pan glewas''' And when the Devil heard this (PA11)
*Gans gloteny ef pan welas | cam na ylly y dolla Gans glotni ev '''pan welas''' | kamm na ylli y dolla When he saw that he could not trick him at all with gluttony (PA13)
*Pan welas en ethewon | bos crist au cuthyll meystry '''Pan welas''' an Edhewon | bos Krist ow kuthyl maystri When the Jews saw that Jesus Christ was exercising power (PA26)
*Pan eȝons oll ȝe wary '''Pan ethons''' oll dhe wari When they all went (had gone) away (PA34)
*pan gowsas '''pan gowsas''' When he said (PA68)
*pan gowsas crist yn della '''pan gowsas''' krist yndella when christ spoke thus (PA94)
*Henna pylat pan welas henna pilat '''pan welas''' When Pilate saw this (PA100)
*Henna Iudas pan welas | crist an bewnans na sawye ena yudas '''pan welas''' | krist an bywnans na sawya Then, when Judas saw that Christ would not save his life (PA103)
*moy pegh o pan dyspresyas | ys delo pan yn guerȝe moy pegh o '''pa'n dispresyas''' | es dell o pan y'n gwertha it was a greater sin when he scorned him than when he sold him (PA104)
*Ganse pylat pan glewas | bos Ihesus a galyle gansa pilat '''pan glewas''' | bos yesus a galila When Pilate heard from them that Jesus was from Galilee (PA108)
*Pan yn caffsons yn treȝe '''pan y'n kavsons''' yntredha When they got him among them (PA142)
*pan glewas cows yn della '''pan glewas''' kows yndella when he heard talk of this kind (PA143)
*pylat pan glewas henna pilat '''pan glewas''' henna when pilate heard that (PA145)
*Ena pylat pan glewas | an lauarow na ganse ena pilat '''pan glewas''' | an lavarow na gansa Then when Pilate heard those words from them (PA147)
*Camen pylat pan welas | na ylly crist delyffre kammenn pilat '''pan welas''' | na ylli krist delivra When Pilate saw that there was no way he could release Christ (PA150)
*heȝow pan eȝys yn mes hedhyw '''pan ethys''' yn-mes when you started out today (PA157)
*Pan welas y mab dygtis | gans an eȝewon mar veyll '''pan welas''' hy mab dyghtys | gans an edhewon mar vil When she saw her son treated so dreadfully by the Jews (PA165)
*Ena pan sevys yn ban ena '''pan sevis''' yn bann Then, when she stood up (PA166)
*Pan deth levff crist war en toll '''pan dheuth''' leuv krist war an toll When Christ's hand came over the hole (PA182)
*pan eth pylat ȝy redye '''pan eth''' pilat dh'y redya when pilate came to read it (PA187)
*pan eth yn mes yn sewyas | en dus vas del vynne ef '''pan eth''' yn-mes y'n sywyas | an dus 'vas dell vynna ev when he went out the good people followed him as he wished (PA213)
*Ihesus ȝoȝo a avas | '''pan welas''' y edrege yesus dhodho a avas | pan welas y edrega jesus forgave him when he saw his repentance (PA220)
*herd(h)ya an gyw pan welas herdhya an guw '''pan welas''' When she saw the thrusting of the spear (PA221)
*Pan deȝens y bys yn beth '''pan dheuthons''' i bys y'n bedh When they reached the grave (PA242)
*Ena pylat pan glewas | yn delma y ȝe gewsell ena pilat '''pan glewas''' | yndellma i dhe gewsel Then when Pilate heard that they were talking like this (PA249)
*En varogyon pan glewas | pylat ov cows yn della an varghogyon '''pan glewas''' | pilat ow kows yndella When the soldiers heard Pilate talking like this (PA251)
*Pan deȝons ȝe alyle '''pan dheuthons''' dhe galila When they came to Galilee (PA258)

==pan + imperfect==
*Dewsull blegyow pan ese | yn mysc y abestely De Sul Bleujyow '''pan esa''' | yn mysk y abesteli When he was among his apostles on Palm Sunday (PA27)
*war ben dewlyn pan ese war benn dewlin '''pan esa''' When he was on his knees (PA58)
*Pan o y besadow guris '''Pan o''' y besadow gwrys When his prayers were done (PA61)
*pan esa crist ow pesy '''pan esa''' Krist ow pesi when Christ was praying (PA62)
*In agis mysk pan esen yn agas mysk '''pan esen''' When I was among you (PA75)
*moy pegh o pan dyspresyas | ys delo pan yn guerȝe moy pegh o pa'n dispresyas | es dell o '''pan y'n gwertha''' it was a greater sin when he scorned him than when he sold him (PA104)
*Pan o Ihesus cryst dampnys | aberth yn crows may farwe '''pan o''' yesus dempnys | a-berth yn krows may farwa When Jesus Christ was condemned to die by crucifixion (PA151)
*Pan o kentrow lemmys '''pan o''' an kentrow lymmys When the nails were sharpened (PA160)
*pan esa yn (an) crows pren '''pan esa''' yn an krowsprenn when he was on the cross (PA183)
*Ha crist yn delma peynys | a berth yn crows pan ese ha krist yndella paynys | a-berth yn krows '''pan esa''' While Christ was thus in pain suffering crucifixion (PA185)
*Re ȝe gryst a leuery | a berth yn crows pan ese re dhe krist a leveri | a-berth yn krows '''pan esa''' Some said to Christ when he was crucified (PA197)
*a noȝo pan predery anodho '''pan brederi''' when she thought of him (PA231)
*Pan o pur holergh an gyth '''pan o''' pur helergh an jydh When it was very late (PA244)
*Pan o an tyr marya | ogas ȝen beth deuethys '''pan o''' an teyr maria | ogas dhe'n bedh devedhys When the three Marys had come close to the grave (PA253)

==pan + pluperfect==
*In delma crist pan wresse Yndelma Krist '''pan wrussa''' When Christ had done this (PA48)
*Then eȝewon pan doȝye Dhe'n Edhewon '''pan dhothya''' When he had come to the Jews (PA63)
*Pan doȝyans bys yn tyller '''Pan dhothyens''' bys y'n tyller When they had come to the place (PA65)
*pan doȝyans ȝy yntreȝe | pows Ihesus a ve dyskis '''pan dhothyens''' dhi yntredha | pows yesus a veu di'skys When they arrived there, between them jesus' garment was taken off (PA176)
*Then levff arall pan doȝyans | worth an grovs rag y faste dhe'n leuv arall '''pan dhothyens''' | orth an grows rag y fasta When they came to the other hand to fasten it to the cross (PA180)
*a vernans crist pan welse | kynyuer tra marthusy a vernans krist '''pan welsa''' | keniver tra marthusi When he had seen so many marvels concerning the death of christ (PA208)
*Dre y holon y ȝeth seth | y mab syndis pan welse dre hy holonn yth eth seth | hy mab shyndys '''pan welsa''' An arrow went though her heart when she had seen her son destroyed (PA223)

==pan + pres. subjunctive==
*arluth pan dyffy ȝet pow | predery a hanaff gura arloedh '''pan dhyffi''' dhe'th pow | prederi ahanav gwra Lord, when you come into your land, think of me (PA193)
*'''tarosfan a thue deffry | war tus vas pan vons yn chy | haga darasow degeys Tarosvann a dheu devri | war dus 'vas pan ons yn chi | ha'ga darasow deges. Phantoms come indeed | Upon good people when they are in house, | And their doors open. (RD1450-1)'''

==pan + impf. subjunctive==
*A(n) peynys a wotheuys | ny ve ragtho y honan | lemmyn rag pobyll an bys | pan vons y kefis mar wan An paynys a wodhevis | ny veu ragdho y honan, | lemen rag pobel an bys | '''pan vens''' i kevys mar wann. The tortures he suffered were not for himself alone but for the people of the world as they were found (to be) so frail. (PA6)
*mar callo trylye ȝe hes | lauar crist pan vo clewys mar kalla trelya dhe-hys | lavar krist '''pan ve''' klewys if he could twist round what christ had to say when it had been heard (PA109)
*rag an spykis o garow | pan vons gwyskis ȝy synsy rag an spikys o garow | '''pan vens''' gwyskys dh'y synsi for the spikes were rough when they were hit to secure him (PA159)

==bys pan + preterite==
*peynys bys pan ve marow paynys '''bys pan veu''' marow tortured till he was dead (PA2)
*ȝoȝo bys pan danvonas dhodho '''bys pan dhanvonas''' until christ sent to him (PA87)
*ȝoȝo Ihesus ȝy thampnye | pylat bys pan danvonas dhodho yesus dh'y dhampnya | pilat '''bys pan dhanvonas''' until pilate sent jesus to him to condemn him (PA110)
*Han ȝewna bys pan vons squyth | war crist y fons ov cronkye ha'n dhew na '''bys pan vons''' skwith | war krist y fons ow kronkya And these two were beating upon Christ until they were tired (PA132)

==kepar ha pan + impf. subjunctive==
*worth ihesus ef a fecle | kepar ha pan ve hegar Orth Yesus ev a fekla | '''kepar ha pan ve''' hegar Judas greeted Jesus falsely, as if he were being affectionate (PA40)

==Unclear present or pres. subjunctive==
*pan vynnough agis honon | wy a yll gull da ȝeȝe '''Pan vynnowgh''' agas honan | hwi a yll gul da dhedha You yourselves can do good for them whenever you want (PA37)
*meryasek pan vynnogh why | an forth dalleth yredy Meryasek, pan vynnowgh hwi | an fordh dalleth yredi Meriasek, when you wish | The way readily begin (BM42-3)
*pan prydyryf ay passon | nynsa ioy vyth ym colon '''Pan brederav/brederriv''' a'y basshyon | nyns a joy vydh y'm kolon. When I think of his Passion, | There is not any joy in my heart. (RD759-60)
*pan predyryf ay passyon | moreth am kymmer yn scon Pan brederav a'y Basshyon | moredh a'm kemmer yn skon When I think on his passion | Grief takes me immediately (RD1082-3)

==Unclear imperfect or impf. subjunctive==
*gans pub colmen may ȝelle | pan wyskens yn-mes an crow gans pub kolmenn mayth ella | '''pan weskens''' yn-mes an krow so that the blood would flow out with every knot when they struck (PA131)

==since==
*ay serys yma thyugh sport | pan vs dewen dymmo vy Ay syrrys, yma dhywgh sport | '''pan eus''' dughan dhymmo vy. O sirs, it is a sport to you | When it is grief to me. (BM1056-7)
Tewdar is angry at not receiving any comfort. This could be translated as "You have sport now, since I'm in grief" (not a general statement, but a comment on the current circumstance), or as "You have sport when I'm in grief" (a general habit). More examples need to be found before the correct translation can be determined.
*Pan vyn an tas yn della | reys yv y wruthyl porrys Pan vynn an Tas yndella, | res yw y wruthyl porres. Since the Father so wills, | Need it is to do it. (OM648-9)
*pan vs gveyth ov tesehe pan eus gwydh ow tesygha Since the trees are drying (OM1128)
*pan yv both dev yn della Pan yw bodh Dyw yndella Since the will of God is so (OM1342)
*nynsyw aga dev pleysys | genes gy pan os punsys | ty hath pobel mar calas Nyns yw aga Dyw plesys | genes jy pan os punshys | ty ha'th pobel, mar gales Their God is not pleased | With thee, since thou art punished | Thou and thy people so severely (OM1562-4)
*byneges yv an guel-ma | pan vs sawor sur mur da | ov tevos annethe y Bennigys yw an gwel ma | pan eus sawor sur mar dha | ow tevos anedha i Blessed are these rods, | For the savour is surely very good | Coming from them (OM1739-41)
*my a wor lemyn yn ta | pan yv mar whek aga eth My a woer lemmyn yn ta | pan yw mar hweg aga eth I now know it well | Since their breath is so sweet (OM1993-4)
*yn plath may mons y a sef | dretho ef pan yns plynsys Y'n plas may mons, i a sev, | dredho ev pan yns plynsys. In the place where they are they shall stand, | Through him since they are planted. (OM2091-2)

==Unclear since or when==
*pan yllyn ny yntrethon | drey dour an meen flynt garow pan yllyn ni yntredhon | dri dowr a'n men flynt garow When we can between ourselves | Bring water from the sharp flint stone (OM1859-60)

==that==
*gwef vyth pan veva genys Go-ev '''bydh pan veu''' va genys Woe to him that ever he was born (PA43)
*gony vyth pan veyn genys go-ni '''vydh pan ven''' genys Woe to us that we were ever born (PA246)

===preterite since===
*y demptye pan prederis y demptya '''pan brederis''' since Satan thought he would tempt Christ (PA19)

=="When" meaning after all==
*pan omsettyas ȝe demptye | guȝyll pegh neb na ylly '''pan omsettyas''' dhe demptya | guthyl pegh neb na ylli After all, he undertook to tempt him who could not commit sin! (PA20)

Attested parts of verbs

2025-08-05T03:09:08Z

Nicky:

==Akordya==
Imperfect:
3s acordye (PA40)

==Amma==
Imperative:
2p ymmyug (CF)

==Aswon==
Preterite:
3s aswonys (PA84)

==Bedha==
Subjunctive present:
3p veȝo (CF)

==Blamya==
Preterite:
*3s flamyas (PA92)

==Bos==
Present short form:
*1s off (PA8)
*2s os (PA11, PA14, PA93)
*3s yw (CF x2, PA7, PA8, PA93, PA95) ew (PA14) yw (PA18, PA19, PA21, PA22 x2, PA24, PA30) yv (PA43) yw (PA44, PA45) yv (PA47, PA51) yw (PA51) ew (PA55, PA61) yv (PA61 x2, PA62) yw (PA62, PA67, PA68, PA69 x3, PA73 x2, PA82) ew (PA85) yw (PA89)
*2p ough (PA47)
*3p yns (PA78)

Present long form:
*3s indefinite: us (CF) vs (PA16, PA24 x2) es (PA32 x2, PA34) vs (PA53, PA60, PA61, PA92)
*3s definite: vgy (PA53)
*3s verbal: yma (PA21, PA43, PA51) ma (PA78)

Imperfect short form:
*3s o (CF, PA4, PA5, PA6, PA7, PA8, PA10, PA23, PA31, PA32, PA33, PA35, PA41 x3, PA47, PA54, PA56 x2, PA57, PA60, PA61, PA62, PA64, PA70, PA76, PA83, PA88, PA92)
*3p ens (PA33, PA41, PA68)

Imperfect long form:
*1s esen (PA75)
*3s ese (PA5) esa (PA13) ese (PA27) esa (PA33, PA45) ese (PA58) esa (PA61, PA64) ese (PA65, PA75, PA77, PA86)

Future:
*1s veȝaff (PA61) feȝaff (PA93)
*2s fethyth (PA6) veȝyth (PA46)
*3s vyȝ (CF) vyth (PA17, PA44) fyth (PA48) veth (PA49) fyth (PA72) pyth (PA94)
*2p veȝough (PA52)

Habitual:
*3s feȝe (PA25) ve ȝe (PA32)

Preterite:
*1s vef (PA49)
*3s ve (PA2 x2) fe (PA3) ve (PA4, PA6) fe (PA7) ve (PA8 x2, PA9 x2) fe (PA18 x2) ve (PA28 x2, PA29 x2) fe (PA31) ve (PA42, PA43) fe (PA58) ve (PA61, PA88, PA89)
*3p vons (PA6) fons (PA39) vons (PA89)

Conditional:
*1s vean (PA73)
*3s bia (PA34) vya (PA36) vye (PA38) bye (PA71) vye (PA72, PA73, PA85, PA86, PA91)

Subjunctive present:
*2s fy (PA22)
*3s fo (PA1, PA31) vo (PA46) fo (PA48) ve (PA55)

Subjunctive past:
*1s fen (PA49) ven (PA74)
*2s fes (PA22)
*3s fe (PA9) fo (PA9) fe (PA23, PA32) ve (PA40) pe (PA73) fe (PA88)
*3p fons (PA18) vons (PA33)

Imperative:
*2s byȝ (CF)
*3s beȝens (PA24, PA36, PA55, PA57)

Verb noun: ves (CF) vones (PA95)

==Bywhe==
Subjunctive:
*2s vywy (CF)

==Bywa==
Subjunctive present:
*3s veughe (PA72)

==Chanjya==
Preterite:
*3s gangyes (PA68)

==Chonsya==
Preterite:
*3p chungfyons (PA26)

==Dalleth==
Imperative:
*2s dallaȝ (CF)

==Dampnya==
Present:
*1s dampnyaf (PA34)

Verbal noun: dampnye (PA94)

==Danvon==
Preterite:
*2s danvansys (PA93)
*3s ȝanvonas (PA42) thanvonas (PA64) danvonas (PA87)

==Delivra==
Imperative:
*2s delyr (PA57)

==Derivas==
Preterite:
*3s derevas (PA79) terevys (PA94)

Verb noun: ȝerevas (PA1)

==Desirya==
Imperative
*3s ȝeserya (PA4)

Preterite
*3s theseryas (PA9)

==Dewis==
Conditional
*3s ȝewesse (PA41)

==Diskwedhes==
Imperfect:
*3s dywyȝy (PA65)

Preterite:
*3s ȝysweȝas (PA5) tysqueȝas (PA11) tysquethas (PA16)

==Diyskyn==
Preterite:
*3s deyskynnas (PA5)

Imperative:
*2s dyyskyn (CF) dijskyn (PA14)

==Don, degi==
Preterite:
*2p ȝecsyugh (PA50)
*3p thuk (PA64, PA91)

Imperative:
*2s dok (PA82)
*3s to (PA87)
*2p thegough (PA37)

==Dos==
Present:
*3s the (PA12, PA30, PA37) ȝe (PA66)
*3p dons (PA61) ȝons (PA78)

Preterite:
*3s theth (PA8) teth (PA59) ȝeth (PA67) theth (PA74)

Perfect:
*3s deve (PA48, PA75)

Conditional:
*3s dethye (PA33) doȝye (PA63, PA90)
*3p doȝyans (PA65)

Subjunctive imperfect:
*3s teffa (PA27)

Imperative:
*2s dus (CF)
*2p deugh (PA53, PA63)

Verbal noun: tevones (PA93)

==Drehevel==
Imperfect:
*3s drehevy (PA91)

Preterite:
*3s drehevys (PA10)

==Dybri==
Subjunctive present:
*3s deppro (PA44)

==Dyghtya==
Preterite:
*3s ȝyttyas (PA3) dyȝgthtyas (PA71)

==Dyski==
Preterite:
*2s ȝyssys (PA77)
*3s dyskas (PA64) ȝyskas (PA80)

==Erghi==
Present:
*3s herg (CF)

Preterite:
*3s yrghys (PA28, PA72)

==Esedha, sedha==
Preterite:
3s sethas (PA77)

==Eva==
Imperative:
*2p evough (PA45)

==Fastya==
Conditional:
*3p fastsens (PA76)

==Fekla==
Imperfect:
*3s fecle (PA40)

==Fia==
Preterite:
*3s fyas (PA77)

==Fistena==
Imperative:
*2p fystynyug (CF)

==Fyllel==
Present:
*3p fallens (PA49)

==Gallos==
Present:
*2s yllyth (PA20)
*3s yll (PA11) kyll (PA21) yll (PA22, PA37) yl (PA40, PA42, PA57, PA59, PA60) yl (PA80)
*2p yllough (PA55)
*0 hyller (PA20)

Imperfect:
*3s ylly (PA3, PA13, PA20, PA60, PA83)

Subjunctive present:
*3s gallo (CF) allo (PA19) hallo (PA32) halle (PA70)
*2p hallough (PA52, PA63)

Subjunctive imperfect:
*3s calle (PA15) calla (PA21) calle (PA38) halle (PA53)

==Garma==
Preterite:
*3s armas (PA42, PA95)

==Gasa==
Imperfect:
*3s ase (PA25)

Preterite:
*3s gasas (PA56)

Imperative:
*2s gas (CF) as (PA46)

==Gelwel==
Preterite:
*3s ylwys (PA43)
*0 helwys (PA30)

==Godhav, godhevel==
Imperfect:
*3s woȝevy (PA54)

Preterite:
*1s wotheuys (PA6)
*3s goȝevys (PA92)

Subjunctive present:
*3s woȝaffo (PA24)

==Godhvos==
Present:
*1s won (PA8, PA75)
*2s coȝes (CF) woȝas (PA46) coȝas (PA92)
*2p woȝough (PA50)

Imperfect:
*3s woȝye (PA36, PA47) woȝya (PA54) woȝye (PA56, PA85)

Imperative:
*2s gothveȝough (PA63)

==Golghi==
Present:
*1p wolhaff (PA46)

Preterite:
*3s wolhas (PA45)

==Golya==
Imperative:
*2p golyough (PA52, PA57)

==Gordhya==
Imperative:
*1p gorȝyn (PA5)

==Gorra==
Preterite:
*3s goras (PA13) woras (PA81)

Imperative:
*2s gor (PA72)

==Gorthebi==
Imperfect:
*3s worȝeby (PA69)

Preterite:
*3s worthebys (PA11, PA36, PA43) worȝebys (PA43, PA67 x2, PA78)

Verbal noun: worȝeby (PA92)

==Goslowes==
Imperative:
*2s golsoug (CF)
*3p golsowens (PA2)

Verbal noun: wolsowas (PA1)

==Govyn==
Present:
*2s woventa (PA80)

Imperfect:
*3s wovyny (PA39)

Preterite:
*3s wovynnys (PA67) wovynys (PA69)

Imperative:
*2s govyn (PA80)

==Grontya==
Preterite:
*3s growntyas (PA75)

Subjunctive:
*1p: wronte (PA1)

==Gul==
Present
*1s raf (PA46)
*3s wra (CF x3, PA12, PA16, PA21) ra (PA39) wra (PA42) ra (PA60, PA63) wra (PA66)

Imperfect:
*3s wre (PA23, PA26)
*3p wrens (PA39)

Preterite:
*1s rug (PA50)
*3s rug (PA7) wreg (PA27) rug (PA28, PA30) guregh (PA45) rug (PA65)
*3p grussons (PA31)

Conditional:
*3s wresse (PA48)

Subjunctive Present:
*2p rellough (PA63)

Imperative:
*2s gwra (CF) gura (PA11) wra (PA34) gura (PA55)
*2p gureugh (PA69)

Verb noun: gul (CF)

==Gwarnya==
Preterite:
*3s warnyas (PA42)

==Gweles==
Future:
*3s gwylvyth (PA93)

Imperfect:
*3p welons (PA64)

Preterite:
*3s welas (PA13, PA26, PA83, PA84)

Conditional:
*3s quelse (PA85)

==Gwertha==
Imperative:
*3s gwyrȝyns (PA51)

==Gweskel==
Present:
*2s gwysketh (PA82)

==Hembronk==
Preterite:
*3s hombronkyas (PA16, PA76)

==Holya==
Preterite:
3s holyas (PA77)

Imperative:
*2p holyough (PA53, PA63)

==Hwilas==
Present:
*3s whela (PA21)
*2p wheleugh (PA68) weleugh (PA69)

Verbal noun: welas (PA94)

==Hwesa==
Imperfect:
*3s wese (PA58)

==Hwilas==
Preterite:
*3s whelas (PA90)

==Hwithra==
Preterite:
*3s wetras (PA86)

==Kabla==
Imperfect:
*3s cable (PA35)
Preterite:
*3s cablas (PA31)

==Kara==
Present:
*3s gar (PA24)

==Kavos==
Present:
*2s kefyȝ (CF)
*3s gyff (PA37)

Preterite:
*3s gafas (PA30) cafas (PA55)

Subjunctive Present:
*1p caffans (PA67)

Verb noun: gafus (CF)

==Kelli==
Preterite:
*3s gollas (PA40)

==Kelmi==
Preterite:
*3s colmas (PA76)

==Kemeres==
Preterite:
*3s gemert (PA3) kemeres (PA70)

Imperative:
*2s kymmerr (CF) kemer (PA6)

==Kewsel==
Imperfect:
*1s gowsyn (PA79)
*3s gewsy (PA38)

Preterite:
*1s kewsys (PA82 x2)
*2s gewsys (PA92)
*3s kewsys (PA6) gewsys (PA14, PA34, PA93) gowsys (PA50) gewsis (PA66) gowsas (PA68) gewsys (PA74) gowsas (PA80, PA84) cowsas (PA88) gowsas (PA92, PA94)
*3p gewsys (PA90)

==Klewes==
Preterite:
*3s glewas (PA11) clewas (PA80, PA86, PA95)
*3p clewsons (PA91)

Subjunctive present:
*3s clewo (PA77)

==Kodha==
Preterite:
*3s goȝas (PA68)

==Koska==
Imperative:
*2p koscough (PA61)

==Krysi==
Present:
*3s gris (PA63)

==Kuntel==
Verbal adjective: cuntullys (PA92)

==Ladha==
Verbal adjective: leȝys (PA95)

==Leverel==
Present:
*1s lauara (CF) lauaraff (PA8)

Preterite:
*3s leuerys (PA11) leueris (PA14, PA17) leuerys (PA36) leveris (PA39) leueris (PA47, PA48, PA51 x2) leuerys (PA61) leuerys (PA62, PA63) leueris (PA78, PA79) leuerys (PA81) leueris (PA84) leuerys (PA85)
*2p leuersough (PA50)

Pluperfect:
*3s lauarsa (PA56)

Imperative:
*2s lauar (CF x2, PA78) lavar (PA93)
*2p leuerough (PA95)

==Merwel==
Subjunctive present:
*2s verwy (PA56)

==Mos==
Preterite:
*3s eth (PA18, PA29, PA52, PA53, PA54, PA56, PA61, PA64, PA94)
*3p eȝons (PA34)

Imperfect:
*1s en (PA79)
*3s e (PA25)
*3p ens (PA64)

Imperative:
*2s ke (PA14) Ke (PA17) ke (PA48)
*2p eug (CF)

Verb noun: mos (CF)

==Mynnes==
Present:
*1s venna (CF)
*2s mennyȝ (CF) mynnyth (PA17) mynnyth (PA80)
*3s vyn (PA32, PA34, PA36, PA66)
*2p vynnough (PA37, PA39, PA67)

Imperfect:
*3s vynna (PA7, PA25) vynne (PA28 x2, PA41) fenne (PA41) vynna (PA45, PA54, PA65) vynne (PA70) vynna (PA78, PA79) vynne (PA90) fenne (PA91)

Preterite:
*3s vynnas (PA3) fynnas (PA4) vynnas (PA11, PA13, PA35, PA87, PA92)

Subjunctive present:
*2s vynny (PA57)
*3s vynno (PA2, PA12)

Subjunctive imperfect:
*1s mynnen (PA72)

==Nagha==
Present:
*1s nahaff (PA49)
*3s nagh (PA49)

Preterite:
*3s naghas (PA84)

==Omdenna==
*3s omdennas (PA33, PA68, PA86)

==Omdhisevel==
Preterite:
*3s om desevys (PA14)

==Omsettya==
Preterite:
*3s omsettyas (PA20)

Verb noun: emsettye (CF)

==Omwitha==
Imperative:
*2s onweyth (PA92)

==Pegha==
Conditional:
*3s beghse (PA86)

==Perthi==
Preterite:
*3s borȝas (PA26)

Subjunctive present:
*3s porȝo (CF)

Imperative:
*2s borth (CF)

==Pesi==
Present:
*3s pes (CF) bys (PA1)

Imperative:
*3s pesy (PA25)

Preterite:
*1s pesys (PA9)

==Pesya==
Preterite:
*3s pesys (PA10, PA57)

Imperative:
*2p pesough (PA52) pesough (PA57)

==Plegya==
Present:
*3s plek (CF) blek (PA82)

==Ponya==
Preterite:
*3s ponyas (PA38)

==Powes==
Imperative:
*2s powes (CF)
*2p powesough (PA61)

==Prederi==
Preterite:
*3s brederys (PA11) prederis (PA19)

==Pregowtha==
Preterite:
*2s bregowthys (PA78)

==Prena==
Preterite:
*3s pernas (PA5)

==Previ==
Preterite:
*3s provas (PA6)

==Ranna==
Preterite:
*3s rannas (PA45)

==Res (as verb)==
Present:
*3s rys (PA51) reys (PA94)

==Ri==
Present:
*1s rof (CF)
*2s reyth (PA66)
*3s re (CF)

Preterite:
*3s ros (PA81)

Subjunctive present:
*3s rollo (PA32)

Imperative:
*2s ro (PA22)

==Sawya==
Imperative:
*3s sawye (PA25)

Verbal adjective: sawys (PA95)

==Serri==
Preterite:
*3s sorras (PA31, PA38, PA94)

==Settya==
Preterite:
*3s settyas (PA71)

==Sevel==
Preterite:
*3s sevys (PA81)

==Sewya==
Preterite:
*3s sewyas (PA52)

==Skonya==
Preterite:
*3s sconyas (PA46) scornyas (PA70)

Verb noun: sconya (CF)

==Skrifa==
Preterite:
*3s scryfas (PA33)

==Skwardya==
Preterite:
*3s squerdyas (PA94)

==Sona==
Preterite:
*3s sonas (PA44)

==Spedya==
Preterite:
*3s spedyas (PA42)

==Spena==
Preterite:
*3s: speynas (PA10)

==Synsi==
Present:
3s: sens (CF)

Imperative:
2s sens (CF)

Preterite:
3s sensys (PA70)

Verb noun: synsy (CF)

==Tann==
Imperative:
*2s tan (PA49)
*2s tanha (CF)

==Tardha==
Preterite:
*3s tarȝas (PA76)

==Tenna==
Preterite:
*3s dennas (PA71)

==Terri==
Imperfect subjunctive:
*3s dorre (PA87)

==Tewel==
Imperative:
*2s taw (PA84)

==Tewlel==
Preterite:
*3s dewlys (PA15)

==Ti==
Present:
*3s te (CF)

Preterite:
*3s doys (PA85)

==Tormentya==
Present:
*3s tormont (PA66)

==Treghi==
Preterite:
*3s drohas (PA71)

==Treylya==
Imperfect:
*3s trylya (PA54)

Preterite:
*3s trylyas (PA18, PA55, PA87)

==Triga==
Conditional:
*3s drecse (PA47)

Verbal adjective: tregis (PA93)

==Tyli==
Present:
*1s dayl (PA85)

==Yeuni==
Conditional:
*3s vnsa (PA21)

==Y koodh dhe==
Present:
*3s goth (PA15) coth (PA16)

==Y'm beus==
Present:
*2s a vyȝ (CF) a feth (PA16)
*3s nyn geuas (PA12)

Future:
*1s nvm byth (PA37)
*3s an geuyth (PA44)

Preterite:
*3s an geue (PA10) nyn geve (PA40) yn geve (PA59) an geve (PA59)
*1p agan be (PA50)

Subjunctive present:
*3s an geffo (PA51)

==Ynia==
Preterite:
*3s ynnyas (PA84)

==Yn-medh==
*3s yn meth (PA16, PA34, PA44, PA45, PA46, PA93) ynmeth (PA46) yn meth (PA49 x3) In meth (PA50) yn meth (PA52, PA53) ynmeth (PA55) In meth (PA57) yn meth (PA65, PA69) In meth (PA82)
*3p ym meȝens (PA32)

Subjunctive

2025-07-29T11:05:46Z

Nicky:

Subjunctive used in main clause?

Ny gaffen, war ow lowta,　kompessa prenn yn neb le OM2577 <-Mistake for conditional gafsen?

We may not get...

Mixed in one sentence
* rag sertan kemmys a'n krys | hag a vo lel besydhys RD1142-3

*Py le 'fydh an gwel plynsys, | may fons moyha enorys, | ha'n gwella may hwrons tevi? OM2032-4
**Lewis Pedersen p287 Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar - they say the subj of gul was reformed based on subj of mos - ello gwrello - could gwrons be a previous subjunctive form? Welsh has 3s gwnaho and 3p gwnahont, which would be gwraho and gwrahons in Cornish, h in subjunctive always disappeared, also Breton has 3s groay, 3p grahint, groaint)

==In indirect questions==
*bresel grev a veu sordys a'n grows piw ella dh'y doen PA160
*warnedhi prenn 'veu tewlys oll an bows piw a'n jeffa PA190
*rag godhvos pur yredi | piw a vo epskop dhyn ni BM2707-8

==John Boson==
John Boson uses 'bedh' to express the subjunctive:

*Worria guz Seera ha Dama el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. Gordhyo' agas sira ha dama, ell agas dedhyow bedh pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw. Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. (Exodus 20:12) (if ell is 'may', bedh is probably bos; but if ell is a particle for 'that', bedh could be subjunctive. ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ben[i]gas beth gus H[anow] benygys bedh agas hanow Hallowed be thy name ([[Pader an Arleth]])

*gus Brez beth gwres en Aor p’k[ar] drua en Neue agas breus bedh gwres, e'n Nor pekar dr'ywa en Nev Thy will be done, on Earth as it is in Heaven ([[Pader an Arleth]])

*Della betha 'Della bedh e So be it. (Boson's own translation) ([[Pader an Arleth]])

==Replaced by conditional?==
*Yma dhymmo hireth bras rag godhvos pandr'a via! I have a great longing to know what it might be! CW591 [subjunctive replaced by conditional?]

==In adjectival relative clause==

*Rag liv bras my a dhoro, a guttho oll an norvys OM981-2 - I will bring a great flood, that it cover all the earth / that will cover all the earth?

Subjunctive

2025-07-29T10:41:20Z

Nicky:

Subjunctive used in main clause?

Ny gaffen, war ow lowta,　kompessa prenn yn neb le OM2577 <-Mistake for conditional gafsen?

We may not get...

Mixed in one sentence
* rag sertan kemmys a'n krys | hag a vo lel besydhys RD1142-3

==In indirect questions==
*bresel grev a veu sordys a'n grows piw ella dh'y doen PA160
*warnedhi prenn 'veu tewlys oll an bows piw a'n jeffa PA190
*rag godhvos pur yredi | piw a vo epskop dhyn ni BM2707-8

==John Boson==
John Boson uses 'bedh' to express the subjunctive:

*Worria guz Seera ha Dama el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. Gordhyo' agas sira ha dama, ell agas dedhyow bedh pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw. Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. (Exodus 20:12) (if ell is 'may', bedh is probably bos; but if ell is a particle for 'that', bedh could be subjunctive. ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ben[i]gas beth gus H[anow] benygys bedh agas hanow Hallowed be thy name ([[Pader an Arleth]])

*gus Brez beth gwres en Aor p’k[ar] drua en Neue agas breus bedh gwres, e'n Nor pekar dr'ywa en Nev Thy will be done, on Earth as it is in Heaven ([[Pader an Arleth]])

*Della betha 'Della bedh e So be it. (Boson's own translation) ([[Pader an Arleth]])

==Replaced by conditional?==
*Yma dhymmo hireth bras rag godhvos pandr'a via! I have a great longing to know what it might be! CW591 [subjunctive replaced by conditional?]

==In adjectival relative clause==

*Rag liv bras my a dhoro, a guttho oll an norvys OM981-2 - I will bring a great flood, that it cover all the earth / that will cover all the earth?

Main Page

2025-07-29T10:36:34Z

Nicky:

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dri]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Compounds]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Dri

2025-07-29T10:36:02Z

Nicky: Created page with "3s present doro *Rag liv bras my a dhoro, a guttho oll an norvys OM981-2"

3s present doro

*Rag liv bras my a dhoro, a guttho oll an norvys OM981-2

Main Page

2025-07-29T10:32:39Z

Nicky:

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kens]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Compounds]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Main Page

2025-07-21T13:02:41Z

Nicky: /* Grammar */

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kens]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kens]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Compounds]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Na and subjunctive for if

2025-07-21T13:02:19Z

Nicky:

==Bos - imperfect subjunctive==

Na ve

==Regular verbs==
From SGMC p55

*Adam na Eva pegha, mernans na wressans tastya (OM994) = If neither Adam nor Eva had sinned, they would not have experienced death [subjunctive na beggha? or imperfect with modal sense na begha?]

Na and subjunctive for if

2025-07-21T13:02:01Z

Nicky: Created page with "==Regular verbs== From SGMC p55 *Adam na Eva pegha, mernans na wressans tastya (OM994) = If neither Adam nor Eva had sinned, they would not have experienced death [subjunctiv..."

==Regular verbs==
From SGMC p55

*Adam na Eva pegha, mernans na wressans tastya (OM994) = If neither Adam nor Eva had sinned, they would not have experienced death [subjunctive na beggha? or imperfect with modal sense na begha?]

Modality

2025-07-21T12:58:42Z

Nicky:

==bos - past habitual==
another: outlaws to the priest, robbing him

*A '''vethe''' preys (?peys?) bys deth brus | ny thue henna in trogel | ty a gel moy an pyth us | adro dyso dyogel A vedha prys bys dydh breus, | ny dheu henna yn trogel. | Ty a gell moy, an pyth eus | a-dro dhiso diogel. | Should there be time until doomsday, | That will not come in the body. | Thou shalt lose more, the wealth that is | Around thee surely. (BM1925-8)

may fedh e'?

A vedh ow prays(ya)?

*omma eve ytho poyntyes | cheif warden war paradice | ha der pegh a coveytes | oll y joye ythew kellys | may '''fetha''' paynes ragtha Omma ev yth o 'poyntys | chyf warden war baradhis, | ha der begh ha kovaytys | oll y joy yth yw kellys, | may fedha paynys ragdho. Here he was appointed | Chief-warden over Paradise, | And through (the) sin of covetousness | All his joy is lost, | So that there should be pains for it. (CW998-1002)

bydh?
*ny won awose merwel | a '''vetha''' peyn thum ena Ny wonn, awosa merwel, | a vedha payn dhe'm ena. I know not, after dying, Whether there will be pain to my soul. (BM1635-7) constantine, heavy soul to kill the children

Modal use - may be, might be, might have been?

when we were out robbing. Mistake for conditional?
*warnen y tuth bum a tan | ha luehes in pur certan | in hevelep leskis glan | ny a '''vethe''' pur dyson warnan y teuth boemm a dan | ha lughes yn pur sertan. | Yn hevelep leskys glan | ni a '''vedha''' pur dhison. On us came a blow of fire | And lightning in very certain. | Apparently clean burnt | We were right surely (BM2148-51) would have been?

Modal use - might have been?

future if we will be? or modal if we should be?
*ran in kerth re ruk feya | ran ny won pythens gyllys | maythovy ameys oma | ellas mar '''pethen''' dampnys Rann yn kerdh re wrug fia, | rann ny wonn pyth ens gyllys, | mayth ov vy amayys omma. | Ellas, mar pedhyn dampnys! Some away did flee, | Some I know not where they are gone. | So that I am without here. | Alas, if we will be damned! (BM2156-60)

==bos - conditional==
*Yma dhymmo hireth bras rag godhvos pandr'a '''via'''! I have a great longing to know what it might be! CW591 [subjunctive replaced by conditional?]

==gul - imperfect==
From SGMC p56

*Mar '''qurean''' tastya an frut na, avell Dew ny a vea (CW781) = If we tasted (or, were to taste) that fruit, we would be like God

Is this a contraction of kwrellen? Or is it using the imperfect in a modal way - were we to taste, should we taste, etc

*..mor crown gy pedery pan dall gu gwary ha madra ta pandrigg seera ha damah, na '''rehans''' moaz dan cooz do cuntle gu booz (J) = if they consider what their games are worth and mark well what father and mother have done, they would not have gone to the wood to gather their food

Is this a contraction of wrellens? Or is it using the imperfect in a modal way - they might not have, may not have, etc

*..an gwethan a reega vee laule theeze a na '''wresta''' debre (R) = the tree that I told thee that thou shouldst not eat

imperfect wres? present wres? contracted conditional wresses?

==gul - conditional==
From SGMC p55

*Mar '''kressa''' an dean deskez fear na gwellaz hemma (NB) = If that wise, learned man saw this (or were to see this or should see this)

Modal use - 'if he should see this' rather than just 'if he saw this'

*..descunta leh d'''ressa''' lever an Have an Arlothes Kernow bose kevez en dula a flehaz (NB) = to mind less that the book of The Duchess of Cornwall's Summer Holiday should be found in my children's hands

Modal use - 'that it should be' rather than 'that it be'

*Angye ve gwarnez ne '''resa''' angye doaz ogaz tha Herod (R) = They were warned that they should not come nigh unto Herod

Modal use - 'that they should not' rather than 'that they not'

*..a '''ressa''' an dzhyi sypposia.. (L/NB) = and that they would act falsely

==Regular verbs==
*Ny '''gaffen''', war ow lowta,　kompessa prenn yn neb le OM2577 <-Mistake for conditional gafsen? Or modal 'we should not get?'

Modality

2025-07-21T12:54:55Z

Nicky: /* gul - imperfect */

==bos - past habitual==
another: outlaws to the priest, robbing him

*A '''vethe''' preys (?peys?) bys deth brus | ny thue henna in trogel | ty a gel moy an pyth us | adro dyso dyogel A vedha prys bys dydh breus, | ny dheu henna yn trogel. | Ty a gell moy, an pyth eus | a-dro dhiso diogel. | Should there be time until doomsday, | That will not come in the body. | Thou shalt lose more, the wealth that is | Around thee surely. (BM1925-8)

may fedh e'?

A vedh ow prays(ya)?

*omma eve ytho poyntyes | cheif warden war paradice | ha der pegh a coveytes | oll y joye ythew kellys | may '''fetha''' paynes ragtha Omma ev yth o 'poyntys | chyf warden war baradhis, | ha der begh ha kovaytys | oll y joy yth yw kellys, | may fedha paynys ragdho. Here he was appointed | Chief-warden over Paradise, | And through (the) sin of covetousness | All his joy is lost, | So that there should be pains for it. (CW998-1002)

bydh?
*ny won awose merwel | a '''vetha''' peyn thum ena Ny wonn, awosa merwel, | a vedha payn dhe'm ena. I know not, after dying, Whether there will be pain to my soul. (BM1635-7) constantine, heavy soul to kill the children

Modal use - may be, might be, might have been?

when we were out robbing. Mistake for conditional?
*warnen y tuth bum a tan | ha luehes in pur certan | in hevelep leskis glan | ny a '''vethe''' pur dyson warnan y teuth boemm a dan | ha lughes yn pur sertan. | Yn hevelep leskys glan | ni a '''vedha''' pur dhison. On us came a blow of fire | And lightning in very certain. | Apparently clean burnt | We were right surely (BM2148-51) would have been?

Modal use - might have been?

future if we will be? or modal if we should be?
*ran in kerth re ruk feya | ran ny won pythens gyllys | maythovy ameys oma | ellas mar '''pethen''' dampnys Rann yn kerdh re wrug fia, | rann ny wonn pyth ens gyllys, | mayth ov vy amayys omma. | Ellas, mar pedhyn dampnys! Some away did flee, | Some I know not where they are gone. | So that I am without here. | Alas, if we will be damned! (BM2156-60)

==gul - imperfect==
From SGMC p56

*Mar '''qurean''' tastya an frut na, avell Dew ny a vea (CW781) = If we tasted (or, were to taste) that fruit, we would be like God

Is this a contraction of kwrellen? Or is it using the imperfect in a modal way - were we to taste, should we taste, etc

*..mor crown gy pedery pan dall gu gwary ha madra ta pandrigg seera ha damah, na '''rehans''' moaz dan cooz do cuntle gu booz (J) = if they consider what their games are worth and mark well what father and mother have done, they would not have gone to the wood to gather their food

Is this a contraction of wrellens? Or is it using the imperfect in a modal way - they might not have, may not have, etc

*..an gwethan a reega vee laule theeze a na '''wresta''' debre (R) = the tree that I told thee that thou shouldst not eat

imperfect wres? present wres? contracted conditional wresses?

==gul - conditional==
From SGMC p55

*Mar '''kressa''' an dean deskez fear na gwellaz hemma (NB) = If that wise, learned man saw this (or were to see this or should see this)

Modal use - 'if he should see this' rather than just 'if he saw this'

*..descunta leh d'''ressa''' lever an Have an Arlothes Kernow bose kevez en dula a flehaz (NB) = to mind less that the book of The Duchess of Cornwall's Summer Holiday should be found in my children's hands

Modal use - 'that it should be' rather than 'that it be'

*Angye ve gwarnez ne '''resa''' angye doaz ogaz tha Herod (R) = They were warned that they should not come nigh unto Herod

Modal use - 'that they should not' rather than 'that they not'

*..a '''ressa''' an dzhyi sypposia.. (L/NB) = and that they would act falsely

Modality

2025-07-21T12:48:02Z

Nicky:

==bos - past habitual==
another: outlaws to the priest, robbing him

*A '''vethe''' preys (?peys?) bys deth brus | ny thue henna in trogel | ty a gel moy an pyth us | adro dyso dyogel A vedha prys bys dydh breus, | ny dheu henna yn trogel. | Ty a gell moy, an pyth eus | a-dro dhiso diogel. | Should there be time until doomsday, | That will not come in the body. | Thou shalt lose more, the wealth that is | Around thee surely. (BM1925-8)

may fedh e'?

A vedh ow prays(ya)?

*omma eve ytho poyntyes | cheif warden war paradice | ha der pegh a coveytes | oll y joye ythew kellys | may '''fetha''' paynes ragtha Omma ev yth o 'poyntys | chyf warden war baradhis, | ha der begh ha kovaytys | oll y joy yth yw kellys, | may fedha paynys ragdho. Here he was appointed | Chief-warden over Paradise, | And through (the) sin of covetousness | All his joy is lost, | So that there should be pains for it. (CW998-1002)

bydh?
*ny won awose merwel | a '''vetha''' peyn thum ena Ny wonn, awosa merwel, | a vedha payn dhe'm ena. I know not, after dying, Whether there will be pain to my soul. (BM1635-7) constantine, heavy soul to kill the children

Modal use - may be, might be, might have been?

when we were out robbing. Mistake for conditional?
*warnen y tuth bum a tan | ha luehes in pur certan | in hevelep leskis glan | ny a '''vethe''' pur dyson warnan y teuth boemm a dan | ha lughes yn pur sertan. | Yn hevelep leskys glan | ni a '''vedha''' pur dhison. On us came a blow of fire | And lightning in very certain. | Apparently clean burnt | We were right surely (BM2148-51) would have been?

Modal use - might have been?

future if we will be? or modal if we should be?
*ran in kerth re ruk feya | ran ny won pythens gyllys | maythovy ameys oma | ellas mar '''pethen''' dampnys Rann yn kerdh re wrug fia, | rann ny wonn pyth ens gyllys, | mayth ov vy amayys omma. | Ellas, mar pedhyn dampnys! Some away did flee, | Some I know not where they are gone. | So that I am without here. | Alas, if we will be damned! (BM2156-60)

==gul - imperfect==
From SGMC p56

*Mar '''qurean''' tastya an frut na, avell Dew ny a vea (CW781) = If we tasted (or, were to taste) that fruit, we would be like God

Is this a contraction of kwrellen? Or is it using the imperfect in a modal way - were we to taste, should we taste, etc

*..mor crown gy pedery pan dall gu gwary ha madra ta pandrigg seera ha damah, na rehans moaz dan cooz do cuntle gu booz (J) = if they consider what their games are worth and mark well what father and mother have done, they would not have gone to the wood to gather their food

Is this a contraction of wrellens? Or is it using the imperfect in a modal way - they might not have, may not have, etc

*..an gwethan a reega vee laule theeze a na '''wresta''' debre (R) = the tree that I told thee that thou shouldst not eat

imperfect wres? present wres? contracted conditional wresses?

==gul - conditional==
From SGMC p55

*Mar '''kressa''' an dean deskez fear na gwellaz hemma (NB) = If that wise, learned man saw this (or were to see this or should see this)

Modal use - 'if he should see this' rather than just 'if he saw this'

*..descunta leh d'''ressa''' lever an Have an Arlothes Kernow bose kevez en dula a flehaz (NB) = to mind less that the book of The Duchess of Cornwall's Summer Holiday should be found in my children's hands

Modal use - 'that it should be' rather than 'that it be'

*Angye ve gwarnez ne '''resa''' angye doaz ogaz tha Herod (R) = They were warned that they should not come nigh unto Herod

Modal use - 'that they should not' rather than 'that they not'

*..a '''ressa''' an dzhyi sypposia.. (L/NB) = and that they would act falsely

Main Page

2025-07-21T12:43:09Z

Nicky: /* Grammar */

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kens]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kens]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Compounds]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Modality

2025-07-21T12:41:37Z

Nicky: Created page with "==bos - past habitual== another: outlaws to the priest, robbing him *A vethe preys (?peys?) bys deth brus | ny thue henna in trogel | ty a gel moy an pyth us | adro dyso dyog..."

==bos - past habitual==
another: outlaws to the priest, robbing him

*A vethe preys (?peys?) bys deth brus | ny thue henna in trogel | ty a gel moy an pyth us | adro dyso dyogel A vedha prys bys dydh breus, | ny dheu henna yn trogel. | Ty a gell moy, an pyth eus | a-dro dhiso diogel. | Should there be time until doomsday, | That will not come in the body. | Thou shalt lose more, the wealth that is | Around thee surely. (BM1925-8)

may fedh e'?

A vedh ow prays(ya)?

*omma eve ytho poyntyes | cheif warden war paradice | ha der pegh a coveytes | oll y joye ythew kellys | may fetha paynes ragtha Omma ev yth o 'poyntys | chyf warden war baradhis, | ha der begh ha kovaytys | oll y joy yth yw kellys, | may fedha paynys ragdho. Here he was appointed | Chief-warden over Paradise, | And through (the) sin of covetousness | All his joy is lost, | So that there should be pains for it. (CW998-1002)

bydh?
*ny won awose merwel | a vetha peyn thum ena Ny wonn, awosa merwel, | a vedha payn dhe'm ena. I know not, after dying, Whether there will be pain to my soul. (BM1635-7) constantine, heavy soul to kill the children

Modal use - may be, might be, might have been?

when we were out robbing. Mistake for conditional?
*warnen y tuth bum a tan | ha luehes in pur certan | in hevelep leskis glan | ny a '''vethe''' pur dyson warnan y teuth boemm a dan | ha lughes yn pur sertan. | Yn hevelep leskys glan | ni a '''vedha''' pur dhison. On us came a blow of fire | And lightning in very certain. | Apparently clean burnt | We were right surely (BM2148-51) would have been?

Modal use - might have been?

==gul - imperfect==
From SGMC p56

*Mar '''qurean''' tastya an frut na, avell Dew ny a vea (CW781) = If we tasted (or, were to taste) that fruit, we would be like God

Is this a contraction of kwrellen? Or is it using the imperfect in a modal way - were we to taste, should we taste, etc

*..mor crown gy pedery pan dall gu gwary ha madra ta pandrigg seera ha damah, na rehans moaz dan cooz do cuntle gu booz (J) = if they consider what their games are worth and mark well what father and mother have done, they would not have gone to the wood to gather their food

Is this a contraction of wrellens? Or is it using the imperfect in a modal way - they might not have, may not have, etc

*..an gwethan a reega vee laule theeze a na '''wresta''' debre (R) = the tree that I told thee that thou shouldst not eat

imperfect wres? present wres? contracted conditional wresses?

==gul - conditional==
From SGMC p55

*Mar '''kressa''' an dean deskez fear na gwellaz hemma (NB) = If that wise, learned man saw this (or were to see this or should see this)

Modal use - 'if he should see this' rather than just 'if he saw this'

*..descunta leh d'''ressa''' lever an Have an Arlothes Kernow bose kevez en dula a flehaz (NB) = to mind less that the book of The Duchess of Cornwall's Summer Holiday should be found in my children's hands

Modal use - 'that it should be' rather than 'that it be'

*Angye ve gwarnez ne '''resa''' angye doaz ogaz tha Herod (R) = They were warned that they should not come nigh unto Herod

Modal use - 'that they should not' rather than 'that they not'

*..a ressa an dzhyi sypposia.. (L/NB) = and that they would act falsely

Bos habitual

2025-07-21T12:22:25Z

Nicky: /* ? */

==definite habitual==
*mar pesy a leun golon | whare sawijs y feȝe | del '''vynna''' crist y honon Mar pesi a leun golon | hware sawys y fedha | dell '''vynna''' krist y honan. If he prayed with a full heart, straight away he would be cured in accordance with the will of Christ himself. (PA25) he refers to sick people. a verse describing what jesus often did

*na fyllys a arluth da | na fout bythqueth ny gen bue | yn agan ethom pup tra | pup vr parys thy'n '''vethe''' Na fyllis, A Arloedh da, | na fowt bythkweyth ny'gan beu. | Yn agan edhomm puptra | pub eur parys dhyn ''''vedha'''. It was not wanting, 0 good Lord, | There never was default to us; | In our need every thing | Always was ready for us. (PC915-8) talking about when Jesus sent them out

*benythe numbethe schame | awoys gul drok Bynytha ny'm bedha sham | awos gul drog. Never had I shame | On account of doing evil.

*na noys vyth ny ree poweys | in hotheys na lyynnyov | marnes in cala garov | hyr ny vethe y huenneys Na nosweyth ny wre powes | yn [hotheys] na lienyow, | marnas yn kala garow. | Hir ny vedha y hunes. Any night he rested not | In blankets (?) nor sheets. | Unless in rough straw | Long used not to be his slumber.

*Neffrev pesy bo redya | in eglos eff a vetha | marnes dadder ny govsy Nevr'ow pysi po redya | y'n eglos ev a vedha. | Marnas dader ny gewsi. Always praying or reading | In church he used to be. | Aught save goodness he said not. (BM4461-3)

==possible habitual==
*mar corthyyth an plos myn gov | neb a thuk peynis anwek | sur in grovs pren | a vethe gelwys ihesu mar kordhydh an plos mingow | neb a dhug paynys anhweg | sur y'n growsprenn, | a vedha gelwys Yesu. If thou worshippest the dirty mouth of lies | Who bore pains unsweet | Surely on the cross-tree, | And who was called Jesus. (BM2379-82) Teudar I will put you out of the country if.... (the one they called jesus?)

==future in the past==
*En gusyl o may fe dris | ȝe rag crist pehadur(es) | ol ȝy voth may rollo bres | a neȝy del ve ȝe gres An gusul o may fe dres | dherag Krist peghadores, | oll dh'y vodh may rolla breus | anedhi dell vedha gwres. The plan was that a sinful woman should be brought before Christ so that he might give a decision of his own accord as to what was to be done in her case. (PA32) what would be done

*pur vylen y an pyltye | hag yn spytis an scornyas | moygha ȝoȝo drok a wre | henna veȝa an guella gwas pur vilen i a'n pyltya | hag yn spitus a'n skornyas | moyha dhodho drog a wre | henna 'vedha 'n gwella gwas Very wickedly they beat him and mocked him spitefully. Whoever did him the most harm, he would be the best fellow. (PA112) telling the story

*dysqueȝyens war lyrgh anken | beȝe mygtern yn deweth diskwedhyans war-lergh anken | bedha myghtern yn diwedh A demonstration after pain that he would be king at last. (PA236) putting spices on his grave, telling the story

*taw an el a bregewthy | an wethen hag ay vertv | ay frut a wrello dybry | y fethe kepar ha dev Taw! an el a bregewthi | a'n wydhenn hag a'y vertu. | A'y frut a wrello dybri | y fedha kepar ha dyw. "Silence!" The angel preached | of the tree and of its virtues, | that of its fruit he who should eat | Would be like a god." (OM229-32) Eve, to Adam

*mar tepre hy leuerys | kepar ha dev y fethe Mar terri, y leveris, | kepar ha Duw y fedha. If I plucked it, she said, Like a god I should be. (OM289-90)

*ef a yrhys thym kyrhas | a mount tabor gueel a ras | mam vethen drethe sylwans Ev a erghis dhymm kyrghes | a Mont Tabor gwel a ras, | ma'n bedha dredha selwyans. He ordered me to bring | From Mount Tabor the rods of grace, | That salvation may be to me through them. (OM1956-8)

*hag a covsis | donfon wa[r]lergh seluester | hag y fethen heb awer | a oll ov cleves sawys hag a gewsis | dannvon warlergh Seluester | hag y fedhen heb ahwer | a oll ow kleves sawys. And said | To send after Silvester | And I should be without grief | Healed of all my disease. (BM1729-32) came to me at night in a vision and said

*nebes esen ov teby | y fethe hy in forma Nebes esen ow tybi | y fedha hi y'n for' ma. We were not thinking at all | That it would be in this way. (BM3350-1)

*an serpent der falsurye | am temptyas tha w[r]uthell hena | hag y promysyas tha vee | y fethan tha well nefra An serpont der falsuri | a'm temptyas dhe wuthyl henna, | hag a bromysyas dhe vy | y fedhen dhe well nevra. The Serpent, by falsehood | Tempted me to do that; | And promised to me | That we should be the better always (CW887-90)

*der henna me a thowtyas | gans peb a fethan lethys Der henna, my a dhoutyas | gans peub y fedhen ledhys. | Through that I feared | By every one I should be slain (CW1636-7) Cain, about killing Abel

*saw dew thyma a wrontyas | war y thyspleasure ef ryes | ny vethan in keth della | ha pennagle a wra henna | plages y fetha ragtha Saw Dyw dhymmo a wrontyas - | war y dhisplesour ev res - | ny vedhen yn kettella; | ha pynagoll a wra henna, | plagyes y fedha ragdho. But God to me granted, | On His displeasure (it was) given, | That I should not be so. | And whosoever should do that, | Plagues he should have for it (CW1638-40) granted that i would not be, that he would have

==dare==
Hayl dhywgh, syrr arloedh Tewdar! 
Yma gene' nowodhow, 
saw ny vedha' sur heb mar 
y gewsel dhywgh gans ganow 
na vedha' nes. 
Dell wonn yn ta, 
war ow ena, 
ny vydh ow les. 

==?==
another: outlaws to the priest, robbing him

*A vethe preys (?peys?) bys deth brus | ny thue henna in trogel | ty a gel moy an pyth us | adro dyso dyogel A vedha prys bys dydh breus, | ny dheu henna yn trogel. | Ty a gell moy, an pyth eus | a-dro dhiso diogel. | Should there be time until doomsday, | That will not come in the body. | Thou shalt lose more, the wealth that is | Around thee surely. (BM1925-8)

may fedh e'?

A vedh ow prays(ya)?

*omma eve ytho poyntyes | cheif warden war paradice | ha der pegh a coveytes | oll y joye ythew kellys | may fetha paynes ragtha Omma ev yth o 'poyntys | chyf warden war baradhis, | ha der begh ha kovaytys | oll y joy yth yw kellys, | may fedha paynys ragdho. Here he was appointed | Chief-warden over Paradise, | And through (the) sin of covetousness | All his joy is lost, | So that there should be pains for it. (CW998-1002)

bydh?
*ny won awose merwel | a vetha peyn thum ena Ny wonn, awosa merwel, | a vedha payn dhe'm ena. I know not, after dying, Whether there will be pain to my soul. (BM1635-7) constantine, heavy soul to kill the children

Modal use - may be, might be, might have been?

==conditional==
when we were out robbing. Mistake for conditional?
*warnen y tuth bum a tan | ha luehes in pur certan | in hevelep leskis glan | ny a '''vethe''' pur dyson warnan y teuth boemm a dan | ha lughes yn pur sertan. | Yn hevelep leskys glan | ni a '''vedha''' pur dhison. On us came a blow of fire | And lightning in very certain. | Apparently clean burnt | We were right surely (BM2148-51) would have been?

Modal use - might have been?

==y'm beus + endings?==
*Yv helma ol an confort | ambethe deworthugh wy Yw hemma oll an konfort | a'm bedha' diworthowgh hwi? Is this all the comfort | That I will? have from you ? (BM1054-5)

==bedhyn?==
let's not be?
*Cowethe na vethen lent | galles purguir an turent | then guelfoys del glowys vy Kowetha, na vedhen lent: | gallas, pur wir an turant | dhe'n gwylvos dell glywis vy. Comrades, we should not be slack : | The tyrant right truly has gone | To the wilderness as I have heard. (BM3245-7)

this one, thought it was habitual, possibly future?
*ran in kerth re ruk feya | ran ny won pythens gyllys | maythovy ameys oma | ellas mar pethen dampnys Rann yn kerdh re wrug fia, | rann ny wonn pyth ens gyllys, | mayth ov vy amayys omma. | Ellas, mar pedhyn dampnys! Some away did flee, | Some I know not where they are gone. | So that I am without here. | Alas, if we will be damned! (BM2156-60)

Bos habitual

2025-07-21T12:21:45Z

Nicky: /* conditional */

==definite habitual==
*mar pesy a leun golon | whare sawijs y feȝe | del '''vynna''' crist y honon Mar pesi a leun golon | hware sawys y fedha | dell '''vynna''' krist y honan. If he prayed with a full heart, straight away he would be cured in accordance with the will of Christ himself. (PA25) he refers to sick people. a verse describing what jesus often did

*na fyllys a arluth da | na fout bythqueth ny gen bue | yn agan ethom pup tra | pup vr parys thy'n '''vethe''' Na fyllis, A Arloedh da, | na fowt bythkweyth ny'gan beu. | Yn agan edhomm puptra | pub eur parys dhyn ''''vedha'''. It was not wanting, 0 good Lord, | There never was default to us; | In our need every thing | Always was ready for us. (PC915-8) talking about when Jesus sent them out

*benythe numbethe schame | awoys gul drok Bynytha ny'm bedha sham | awos gul drog. Never had I shame | On account of doing evil.

*na noys vyth ny ree poweys | in hotheys na lyynnyov | marnes in cala garov | hyr ny vethe y huenneys Na nosweyth ny wre powes | yn [hotheys] na lienyow, | marnas yn kala garow. | Hir ny vedha y hunes. Any night he rested not | In blankets (?) nor sheets. | Unless in rough straw | Long used not to be his slumber.

*Neffrev pesy bo redya | in eglos eff a vetha | marnes dadder ny govsy Nevr'ow pysi po redya | y'n eglos ev a vedha. | Marnas dader ny gewsi. Always praying or reading | In church he used to be. | Aught save goodness he said not. (BM4461-3)

==possible habitual==
*mar corthyyth an plos myn gov | neb a thuk peynis anwek | sur in grovs pren | a vethe gelwys ihesu mar kordhydh an plos mingow | neb a dhug paynys anhweg | sur y'n growsprenn, | a vedha gelwys Yesu. If thou worshippest the dirty mouth of lies | Who bore pains unsweet | Surely on the cross-tree, | And who was called Jesus. (BM2379-82) Teudar I will put you out of the country if.... (the one they called jesus?)

==future in the past==
*En gusyl o may fe dris | ȝe rag crist pehadur(es) | ol ȝy voth may rollo bres | a neȝy del ve ȝe gres An gusul o may fe dres | dherag Krist peghadores, | oll dh'y vodh may rolla breus | anedhi dell vedha gwres. The plan was that a sinful woman should be brought before Christ so that he might give a decision of his own accord as to what was to be done in her case. (PA32) what would be done

*pur vylen y an pyltye | hag yn spytis an scornyas | moygha ȝoȝo drok a wre | henna veȝa an guella gwas pur vilen i a'n pyltya | hag yn spitus a'n skornyas | moyha dhodho drog a wre | henna 'vedha 'n gwella gwas Very wickedly they beat him and mocked him spitefully. Whoever did him the most harm, he would be the best fellow. (PA112) telling the story

*dysqueȝyens war lyrgh anken | beȝe mygtern yn deweth diskwedhyans war-lergh anken | bedha myghtern yn diwedh A demonstration after pain that he would be king at last. (PA236) putting spices on his grave, telling the story

*taw an el a bregewthy | an wethen hag ay vertv | ay frut a wrello dybry | y fethe kepar ha dev Taw! an el a bregewthi | a'n wydhenn hag a'y vertu. | A'y frut a wrello dybri | y fedha kepar ha dyw. "Silence!" The angel preached | of the tree and of its virtues, | that of its fruit he who should eat | Would be like a god." (OM229-32) Eve, to Adam

*mar tepre hy leuerys | kepar ha dev y fethe Mar terri, y leveris, | kepar ha Duw y fedha. If I plucked it, she said, Like a god I should be. (OM289-90)

*ef a yrhys thym kyrhas | a mount tabor gueel a ras | mam vethen drethe sylwans Ev a erghis dhymm kyrghes | a Mont Tabor gwel a ras, | ma'n bedha dredha selwyans. He ordered me to bring | From Mount Tabor the rods of grace, | That salvation may be to me through them. (OM1956-8)

*hag a covsis | donfon wa[r]lergh seluester | hag y fethen heb awer | a oll ov cleves sawys hag a gewsis | dannvon warlergh Seluester | hag y fedhen heb ahwer | a oll ow kleves sawys. And said | To send after Silvester | And I should be without grief | Healed of all my disease. (BM1729-32) came to me at night in a vision and said

*nebes esen ov teby | y fethe hy in forma Nebes esen ow tybi | y fedha hi y'n for' ma. We were not thinking at all | That it would be in this way. (BM3350-1)

*an serpent der falsurye | am temptyas tha w[r]uthell hena | hag y promysyas tha vee | y fethan tha well nefra An serpont der falsuri | a'm temptyas dhe wuthyl henna, | hag a bromysyas dhe vy | y fedhen dhe well nevra. The Serpent, by falsehood | Tempted me to do that; | And promised to me | That we should be the better always (CW887-90)

*der henna me a thowtyas | gans peb a fethan lethys Der henna, my a dhoutyas | gans peub y fedhen ledhys. | Through that I feared | By every one I should be slain (CW1636-7) Cain, about killing Abel

*saw dew thyma a wrontyas | war y thyspleasure ef ryes | ny vethan in keth della | ha pennagle a wra henna | plages y fetha ragtha Saw Dyw dhymmo a wrontyas - | war y dhisplesour ev res - | ny vedhen yn kettella; | ha pynagoll a wra henna, | plagyes y fedha ragdho. But God to me granted, | On His displeasure (it was) given, | That I should not be so. | And whosoever should do that, | Plagues he should have for it (CW1638-40) granted that i would not be, that he would have

==dare==
Hayl dhywgh, syrr arloedh Tewdar! 
Yma gene' nowodhow, 
saw ny vedha' sur heb mar 
y gewsel dhywgh gans ganow 
na vedha' nes. 
Dell wonn yn ta, 
war ow ena, 
ny vydh ow les. 

==?==
another: outlaws to the priest, robbing him

*A vethe preys (?peys?) bys deth brus | ny thue henna in trogel | ty a gel moy an pyth us | adro dyso dyogel A vedha prys bys dydh breus, | ny dheu henna yn trogel. | Ty a gell moy, an pyth eus | a-dro dhiso diogel. | Should there be time until doomsday, | That will not come in the body. | Thou shalt lose more, the wealth that is | Around thee surely. (BM1925-8)

may fedh e'?

A vedh ow prays(ya)?

*omma eve ytho poyntyes | cheif warden war paradice | ha der pegh a coveytes | oll y joye ythew kellys | may fetha paynes ragtha Omma ev yth o 'poyntys | chyf warden war baradhis, | ha der begh ha kovaytys | oll y joy yth yw kellys, | may fedha paynys ragdho. Here he was appointed | Chief-warden over Paradise, | And through (the) sin of covetousness | All his joy is lost, | So that there should be pains for it. (CW998-1002)

bydh?
*ny won awose merwel | a vetha peyn thum ena Ny wonn, awosa merwel, | a vedha payn dhe'm ena. I know not, after dying, Whether there will be pain to my soul. (BM1635-7) constantine, heavy soul to kill the children

==conditional==
when we were out robbing. Mistake for conditional?
*warnen y tuth bum a tan | ha luehes in pur certan | in hevelep leskis glan | ny a '''vethe''' pur dyson warnan y teuth boemm a dan | ha lughes yn pur sertan. | Yn hevelep leskys glan | ni a '''vedha''' pur dhison. On us came a blow of fire | And lightning in very certain. | Apparently clean burnt | We were right surely (BM2148-51) would have been?

Modal use - might have been?

==y'm beus + endings?==
*Yv helma ol an confort | ambethe deworthugh wy Yw hemma oll an konfort | a'm bedha' diworthowgh hwi? Is this all the comfort | That I will? have from you ? (BM1054-5)

==bedhyn?==
let's not be?
*Cowethe na vethen lent | galles purguir an turent | then guelfoys del glowys vy Kowetha, na vedhen lent: | gallas, pur wir an turant | dhe'n gwylvos dell glywis vy. Comrades, we should not be slack : | The tyrant right truly has gone | To the wilderness as I have heard. (BM3245-7)

this one, thought it was habitual, possibly future?
*ran in kerth re ruk feya | ran ny won pythens gyllys | maythovy ameys oma | ellas mar pethen dampnys Rann yn kerdh re wrug fia, | rann ny wonn pyth ens gyllys, | mayth ov vy amayys omma. | Ellas, mar pedhyn dampnys! Some away did flee, | Some I know not where they are gone. | So that I am without here. | Alas, if we will be damned! (BM2156-60)

Bos habitual

2025-07-14T15:48:31Z

Nicky:

==definite habitual==
*mar pesy a leun golon | whare sawijs y feȝe | del '''vynna''' crist y honon Mar pesi a leun golon | hware sawys y fedha | dell '''vynna''' krist y honan. If he prayed with a full heart, straight away he would be cured in accordance with the will of Christ himself. (PA25) he refers to sick people. a verse describing what jesus often did

*na fyllys a arluth da | na fout bythqueth ny gen bue | yn agan ethom pup tra | pup vr parys thy'n '''vethe''' Na fyllis, A Arloedh da, | na fowt bythkweyth ny'gan beu. | Yn agan edhomm puptra | pub eur parys dhyn ''''vedha'''. It was not wanting, 0 good Lord, | There never was default to us; | In our need every thing | Always was ready for us. (PC915-8) talking about when Jesus sent them out

*benythe numbethe schame | awoys gul drok Bynytha ny'm bedha sham | awos gul drog. Never had I shame | On account of doing evil.

*na noys vyth ny ree poweys | in hotheys na lyynnyov | marnes in cala garov | hyr ny vethe y huenneys Na nosweyth ny wre powes | yn [hotheys] na lienyow, | marnas yn kala garow. | Hir ny vedha y hunes. Any night he rested not | In blankets (?) nor sheets. | Unless in rough straw | Long used not to be his slumber.

*Neffrev pesy bo redya | in eglos eff a vetha | marnes dadder ny govsy Nevr'ow pysi po redya | y'n eglos ev a vedha. | Marnas dader ny gewsi. Always praying or reading | In church he used to be. | Aught save goodness he said not. (BM4461-3)

==possible habitual==
*mar corthyyth an plos myn gov | neb a thuk peynis anwek | sur in grovs pren | a vethe gelwys ihesu mar kordhydh an plos mingow | neb a dhug paynys anhweg | sur y'n growsprenn, | a vedha gelwys Yesu. If thou worshippest the dirty mouth of lies | Who bore pains unsweet | Surely on the cross-tree, | And who was called Jesus. (BM2379-82) Teudar I will put you out of the country if.... (the one they called jesus?)

==future in the past==
*En gusyl o may fe dris | ȝe rag crist pehadur(es) | ol ȝy voth may rollo bres | a neȝy del ve ȝe gres An gusul o may fe dres | dherag Krist peghadores, | oll dh'y vodh may rolla breus | anedhi dell vedha gwres. The plan was that a sinful woman should be brought before Christ so that he might give a decision of his own accord as to what was to be done in her case. (PA32) what would be done

*pur vylen y an pyltye | hag yn spytis an scornyas | moygha ȝoȝo drok a wre | henna veȝa an guella gwas pur vilen i a'n pyltya | hag yn spitus a'n skornyas | moyha dhodho drog a wre | henna 'vedha 'n gwella gwas Very wickedly they beat him and mocked him spitefully. Whoever did him the most harm, he would be the best fellow. (PA112) telling the story

*dysqueȝyens war lyrgh anken | beȝe mygtern yn deweth diskwedhyans war-lergh anken | bedha myghtern yn diwedh A demonstration after pain that he would be king at last. (PA236) putting spices on his grave, telling the story

*taw an el a bregewthy | an wethen hag ay vertv | ay frut a wrello dybry | y fethe kepar ha dev Taw! an el a bregewthi | a'n wydhenn hag a'y vertu. | A'y frut a wrello dybri | y fedha kepar ha dyw. "Silence!" The angel preached | of the tree and of its virtues, | that of its fruit he who should eat | Would be like a god." (OM229-32) Eve, to Adam

*mar tepre hy leuerys | kepar ha dev y fethe Mar terri, y leveris, | kepar ha Duw y fedha. If I plucked it, she said, Like a god I should be. (OM289-90)

*ef a yrhys thym kyrhas | a mount tabor gueel a ras | mam vethen drethe sylwans Ev a erghis dhymm kyrghes | a Mont Tabor gwel a ras, | ma'n bedha dredha selwyans. He ordered me to bring | From Mount Tabor the rods of grace, | That salvation may be to me through them. (OM1956-8)

*hag a covsis | donfon wa[r]lergh seluester | hag y fethen heb awer | a oll ov cleves sawys hag a gewsis | dannvon warlergh Seluester | hag y fedhen heb ahwer | a oll ow kleves sawys. And said | To send after Silvester | And I should be without grief | Healed of all my disease. (BM1729-32) came to me at night in a vision and said

*nebes esen ov teby | y fethe hy in forma Nebes esen ow tybi | y fedha hi y'n for' ma. We were not thinking at all | That it would be in this way. (BM3350-1)

*an serpent der falsurye | am temptyas tha w[r]uthell hena | hag y promysyas tha vee | y fethan tha well nefra An serpont der falsuri | a'm temptyas dhe wuthyl henna, | hag a bromysyas dhe vy | y fedhen dhe well nevra. The Serpent, by falsehood | Tempted me to do that; | And promised to me | That we should be the better always (CW887-90)

*der henna me a thowtyas | gans peb a fethan lethys Der henna, my a dhoutyas | gans peub y fedhen ledhys. | Through that I feared | By every one I should be slain (CW1636-7) Cain, about killing Abel

*saw dew thyma a wrontyas | war y thyspleasure ef ryes | ny vethan in keth della | ha pennagle a wra henna | plages y fetha ragtha Saw Dyw dhymmo a wrontyas - | war y dhisplesour ev res - | ny vedhen yn kettella; | ha pynagoll a wra henna, | plagyes y fedha ragdho. But God to me granted, | On His displeasure (it was) given, | That I should not be so. | And whosoever should do that, | Plagues he should have for it (CW1638-40) granted that i would not be, that he would have

==dare==
Hayl dhywgh, syrr arloedh Tewdar! 
Yma gene' nowodhow, 
saw ny vedha' sur heb mar 
y gewsel dhywgh gans ganow 
na vedha' nes. 
Dell wonn yn ta, 
war ow ena, 
ny vydh ow les. 

==?==
another: outlaws to the priest, robbing him

*A vethe preys (?peys?) bys deth brus | ny thue henna in trogel | ty a gel moy an pyth us | adro dyso dyogel A vedha prys bys dydh breus, | ny dheu henna yn trogel. | Ty a gell moy, an pyth eus | a-dro dhiso diogel. | Should there be time until doomsday, | That will not come in the body. | Thou shalt lose more, the wealth that is | Around thee surely. (BM1925-8)

may fedh e'?

A vedh ow prays(ya)?

*omma eve ytho poyntyes | cheif warden war paradice | ha der pegh a coveytes | oll y joye ythew kellys | may fetha paynes ragtha Omma ev yth o 'poyntys | chyf warden war baradhis, | ha der begh ha kovaytys | oll y joy yth yw kellys, | may fedha paynys ragdho. Here he was appointed | Chief-warden over Paradise, | And through (the) sin of covetousness | All his joy is lost, | So that there should be pains for it. (CW998-1002)

bydh?
*ny won awose merwel | a vetha peyn thum ena Ny wonn, awosa merwel, | a vedha payn dhe'm ena. I know not, after dying, Whether there will be pain to my soul. (BM1635-7) constantine, heavy soul to kill the children

==conditional==
when we were out robbing. Mistake for conditional?
*warnen y tuth bum a tan | ha luehes in pur certan | in hevelep leskis glan | ny a '''vethe''' pur dyson warnan y teuth boemm a dan | ha lughes yn pur sertan. | Yn hevelep leskys glan | ni a '''vedha''' pur dhison. On us came a blow of fire | And lightning in very certain. | Apparently clean burnt | We were right surely (BM2148-51) would have been?

==y'm beus + endings?==
*Yv helma ol an confort | ambethe deworthugh wy Yw hemma oll an konfort | a'm bedha' diworthowgh hwi? Is this all the comfort | That I will? have from you ? (BM1054-5)

==bedhyn?==
let's not be?
*Cowethe na vethen lent | galles purguir an turent | then guelfoys del glowys vy Kowetha, na vedhen lent: | gallas, pur wir an turant | dhe'n gwylvos dell glywis vy. Comrades, we should not be slack : | The tyrant right truly has gone | To the wilderness as I have heard. (BM3245-7)

this one, thought it was habitual, possibly future?
*ran in kerth re ruk feya | ran ny won pythens gyllys | maythovy ameys oma | ellas mar pethen dampnys Rann yn kerdh re wrug fia, | rann ny wonn pyth ens gyllys, | mayth ov vy amayys omma. | Ellas, mar pedhyn dampnys! Some away did flee, | Some I know not where they are gone. | So that I am without here. | Alas, if we will be damned! (BM2156-60)

The fyrst boke of the introduction of knowledge

2025-02-01T06:09:38Z

Nicky:

{| class="hengovektable"
! Original || SWF
|-
| width=60% |
<div style="width: 100%; align: left; border: 1px solid #D0B89D; background-color: #EFE7DE;"><div style="padding: 2em;">In Cornwall is two speches; the one is naughty Englyshe, and the other is Cornyshe speche.

And there be many men and women the whiche cannot speake one worde of Englyshe, but all Cornyshe. Who so wyll speake any Cornyshe, Englyshe and Cornyshe doth folow.

One. two. thre. foure. fyue. six. seuen. eyght. nyne. onen, dew, trei, peswar, pymp, hwegh, seyth, eth, naw{{b|Ouyn. dow. tray. peswar. pimp. whe. syth. eth. naw.}}

Ten. aleuyn. twelue. thertene. fourtene. fyftene. deg, unnek, dowdhek, tredhek, peswardhek, pymthek{{b|Deg. unec. dowec. tredeec. peswardeec. pympdeec.}}

Syxtene. seuentine. eyghtyne. nyntene. twenty. hwetek, seytek, etek, nownsek, ugens{{b|Whedeec. sythdeec. ethdeec. nawdeec. Igous.}}

One and twenty. two and twenty. three and twenty. onen warn ugens, dew warn ugens, trei warn ugens{{b|Ouyn war igous. dow war Igous. tray war ygous.}}

Fouer and twenty, &c. peswar ugens{{b|peswar ygous}}: and so forthe tyl you come to thyrty.

No Cornysheman dothe nomber aboue .vvv. and is named. deg warn ugens, kans, mil{{b|Deec warnegous}}. And whan they haue tolde thyrty, they do begyn agayn, "one, two, and thre," And so forth. and whan they haue recounted to a hondred, they say {{b|kans}}. And if they nomber to a thousand, than they say {{b|Myle}}.

God morow to you, syr! Durda dhywgh hwei, syrra!{{b|Dar day dew a why, serra!}}

God spede you, mayde! Dursona dhe'hwei, maghteth! (Duw re sonno){{b|Dar zona de why math-tath.}}

You be welcome, good wyfe! Wolkom owgh hwei, gwreg dha{{b|Welcom a whe gwra da}}

I do thanke you, syr. Durdala dhe'hwei, syrra (Duw re dallo){{b|Dar dala de why, syra.}}

How do you fare? Fatl'yw genowgh hwei?{{b|Vata lew genar why?}}

Well, God thanke you, good master! Da, durdala dhe'hwei, mester da! (Duw re dallo){{b|Da dar dala de why, master da!}}

Hostes, haue you any good meate? Ostes, eus boos da dhe'hwei?{{b|Hostes, eus bones de why?}}

Yes, syr, I haue enowghe. Eus, syrra, gras a Dhuw.{{b|Eus, sarra, grace a dew.}}

Giue me some meate, good hostes! Rewgh boos dhe'vy, ostes da!{{b|Rewh bones de vy, hostes da!}}

Mayde, giue me bread and drinke! Maghteth, [...] bara ha diwes!{{b|Math-tath, eus me barow ha dewas!}}

Wife, bringe me a quarte of wine! Gwreg, drewgh kwart a win dhe'vy!{{b|Gwrac, drewh quart gwin de vy!}}

Woman, bringe me some fishe! Benyn, drewgh puskes dhe'vy!{{b|Benen, drewh pyscos de vi!}}

Mayde, brynge me egges and butter Maghteth, drewgh oyow hag amanyn dhe'vy{{b|Math-tath, drewgh me eyo hag a manyn de vi}}

Syr, much good do it you! Syrra, bedhowgh hwei lowenek!{{b|Syrra, betha why lowe weny cke!}}

Hostes, what shal I paye? Ostes, pandr'wrav vy pe?{{b|Hostes, prendra we pay?}}

Syr, your rekenyng is .v. pens. Syrra, agas reken yw pymp diner{{b|Syrra, iges rechen eu pymp in ar.}}

How many myles is it to london? Pes mildir eus alemma dhe Loundres?{{b|Pes myll der eus a lemma de Loundres?}}

Syr, it is thre houndred myle. Syrra, tri hans mildir.{{b|Syrra, tray kans myle dere.}}

God be with you, good hostes! Bennath Duw genowgh hwei, ostes da!{{b|Bena tewgena a why hostes da!}}

God gyue you a good nyght! Duw re dharbarro nos da dhe'hwei!{{b|Dew rebera vos da de why!}}

God send you wel to fare! Duw re dhanvonno dhe'hwei fara en ta!{{b|Dew reth euenna thee why fare eta!}}

God be wyth you! Duw genowgh hwei!{{b|Dew gena why!}}

I pray you, commend me to all good felowes. My a's desir hwei, komend vy dhe oll matas da.{{b|Meesdesyer, why commende me the olde matas da.}}

Syr, I wyl do your commaundement. Syrra, my a vydn gul agas komondment hwei.{{b|Syrra, me euyden gewel ages commaundement why.}}

God be with you! Duw genowgh hwei!{{b|Dew gena why!}}
</div></div>
|
|}

==Notes==
*Cited from J. Loth, 'Cornique moderne', ''Archiv für Celtische Lexicographie'' 1 (1900): 224-28 [https://archive.org/details/archivfrceltisc00unkngoog/page/224/mode/2up]

Texts3

2025-02-01T06:09:03Z

Nicky:

{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align: left;"
! Abbr. || Full
|-
| AB || Edward Lhuyd, ''Archaeologia Britannia'' (London 1707 [reprinted Shannon 1971])

* [[Archaeologia Britannia]]
|-
| Bilbao MS || Henry Jenner 'The Cornish Manuscript in the provincial library at Bilbao, Spain', ''Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall'' 21 (1924-25): 421-37

*missing
|-
|BK || Graham Thomas & Nicholas Williams (editors), ''Bewnans Ke: The Life of St Kea'' (Exeter 2007)

*[[Bewnans Ke]]
|-
|BM || Whitley Stokes (editor), ''Beunans Meriasek: the life of St Meriasek, Bishop and confessor, a Cornish drama'' (London: Trübner and Co. 1872)

*[[Beunans Meriasek]]
|-
| Bodewyrd MS || Andrew Hawke, 'A Rediscovered Cornish-English Vocabulary', ''Cornish Studies: Nine'' (2001): 83-104.
|-
| Borde || Andrew Borde, cited from J. Loth, 'Cornique moderne', ''Archiv für Celtische Lexicographie'' 1 (1900): 224-28 [https://archive.org/details/archivfrceltisc00unkngoog/page/224/mode/2up]

* [[The fyrst boke of the introduction of knowledge]]
|-
| Borlase || William Borlase, ''Antiquities of the County of Cornwall'' (London 1754)
|-
| Carew || F.E. Halliday (editor), ''Richard Carew of Antony, the survey of Cornwall'' (London 1953)

*[[The Survey of Cornwall]]
|-
| CF || ''The Charter Fragment'', text from E. Campanile, 'Un frammento scenico medio-cornico', ''Studi e saggi linguistici'' 60-80, supplement to ''L'Italia Dialettale 26''

*[[Charter Fragment]]
|-
| Chygwyn || The song 'Delkyow Sevy', quoted by William Pryce F f 4 v.

*[[Delkiow Seve]]
|-
| CPNE || O.J. Padel, ''Cornish Place-Name Elements'' (Nottingham 1985)
|-
| CW || Whitley Stokes, ''Gwreans an Bys: The Creation of the World'' (London 1864 [reprinted 2003 by Kessinger Publishing, Montana, USA])

*[[Gwreans an Bys]]
|-
| Exeter Consistory Court || Deposition of the Bishop's Consistory Court at Exeter (1572). Quoted from Martyn F. Wakelin, ''Language and history in Cornwall'' (Leicester University Press 1975): 89
|-
| Geirlyer Kyrnweig || Edward Lhuyd's Cornish glossary, National Library of Wales. MS Llanstephan 84.
|-
| Gwavas MS || BM Add. MS 28, 554 f. 106, edited by R. Hooper, ''Old Cornwall'' vol. ix, no. 11, Autumn 1984
|-
| Jago || F. W. P. Jago, ''Dialect of Cornwall'' (Truro 1882)
|-
| JBoson || Cornish writings of John Boson in O.J. Padel, ''The Cornish Writings of the Boson Family'' (Redruth 1975)

* [[Pilchard Rhyme]]
* [[Memorial to Capt. Stephen Hutchens]]
* [[Kymero ‘wyth goz lavrak pouz]]
* [[Letter to William Gwavas with Lord's prayer]]
* [[Reply to William Gwavas]]
* [[Jenkins epitaph]]
* [[Letter to William Gwavas]]
* [[Verse at Keigwin’s death]]
* [[Pader an Arleth]]
* [[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]]
* [[An Credian by John Boson]]
* [[Genesis I]]
* [[Advice to a neighbour]]
|-
| JCH || ''John of Chyanhor'', in O.J. Padel, ''The Cornish Writings of the Boson Family'' (Redruth 1975)

* [[Jooan Chei an Horr]]
|-
| NBoson || Nicholas Boson, 'Nebbaz Gerriau dro tho Carnoack', in O.J. Padel, ''The Cornish Writings of the Boson Family'' (Redruth 1975)

* [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
|-
| JJenkins || two poems by James Jenkins, quoted in Pryce (1790)

* [[Cousow do ve che dean mor ferre]]
* [[Ma leeas gwreag]]
|-
| JKeigwin || 1. John Keigwin's translation of the letter of Charles I in Tremenheere MSS, Morrab Library, Penzance, typescript edition by P.A.S. Pool (1995); 2. His translation of ''Genesis'' 1, from Gwavas collection, British Library Add MS 28554; 3. The Lords prayer in Cornish, Gwavas Collection

* [[King Charles I’s Letter]]
* [[Genesis I by John Keigwin]]
* [[The Lords prayer in Cornish]]
|-
| JTonkin || two poems by John Tonkin (c. 1693 & c. 1695) in LAM: 224-228

* [[Menja Tiz Kernuak buz gasowas]] (need to check LAM)
* [[Ni venja pea]] (need to check LAM)
|-
| LAM || Alan Kent and Tim Saunders (editors), ''Looking at the Mermaid: A Reader in Cornish Literature 900-1900'' (London 2000)
|-
| Lhuyd MSS || proverbs from Lhuyd's Manuscripts in W.C. Borlase, 'A Collection of hitherto unpublished Proverbs and rhymes, in the Ancient Cornish Language', ''Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall'' 2 1866: 10
|-
| OCV || Eugene V. Graves, ''The Old Cornish Vocabulary'' (PhD thesis, Columbia University 1962)

* [[Vocabularium Cornicum]]
|-
| Oliver Oldwanton || Michael Flachman (editor), 'The First English Epistolary Novel: "The Image of Idleness (1555)", ''Studies in Philology'' 87, No. 1 (Winter 1990). University of North Carolina Press

* [[The Image of Idleness]]
|-
| OM || 'Origo Mundi' in Edwin Norris, ''The Ancient Cornish Drama'' (London 1859 [reprinted New York & London 1968]: i 1-219

* [[Origo Mundi]]
|-
| OPender || letter by Oliver Pender (August 1711) in LAM: 239

* [[Letter about pilchards]] (need to check LAM)
* [[Letter about Edward Lhuyd]] (need to check LAM)
|-
| PA || Harry Woodhouse (editor), ''The Cornish Passion Poem in facsimile'' (Penryn 2002)

* [[Pascon agan Arluth]]
|-
| PC || 'Passio Christi' in Edwin Norris, ''The Ancient Cornish Drama'' (London 1859 [reprinted New York & London 1968]: i 221-479

* [[Passio Christi]]
|-
| Pryce || William Pryce, ''Archaeologia Cornu-Britannica'' (Sherborne 1790 [reprinted Menston, Yorkshire 1972])

* [[Archaeologia Cornu-Britannica]]
|-
| RD || 'Resurrexio Domini' in Edwin Norris, ''The Ancient Cornish Drama'' (London 1859 [reprinted New York & London 1968]: ii 1-199

* [[Resurrectio Domini]]
|-
|Richard Symonds || Charles Edward Long (editor), ''Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army during the Great Civil War; kept by Richard Symonds'' (Camden Society 1859)

*[[Civil War Diary]]
|-
| Rowe || J. Loth (editor), 'Textes inédits en cornique moderne', ''Revue Celtique'' 23, 173-200. [https://archive.org/details/revueceltiqu23pari/page/172/mode/2up]

* [[Genesis III]]
* [[Matthew IV]]
* [[Matthew II]]

|-
| SA || ''Sacrament an Alter'', text quoted from an unpublished edition by D.H. Frost (St David's College 2003)
|-
| Scawen MSS || proverbs and rhymes from Mr. Scawen's Manuscripts in W.C. Borlase, 'A Collection of hitherto unpublished Proverbs and rhymes, in the Ancient Cornish Language; from the Manuscripts of Dr Borlase', ''Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall'' 2 1866: 9-10 [https://archive.org/details/journalofroyalin2186667roya/page/10/mode/2up]

* [[Proverbs]]
|-
| TBoson || Cornish writings of Thomas Boson in O.J. Padel, ''The Cornish Writings of the Boson Family'' (Redruth 1975)

* [[Ol poble eze war an oare a treegaz]] (maybe TBoson)
* [[An Pader]]
* [[An Deag Laver Deu by Thomas Boson]]
* [[An Credian by Thomas Boson]]
|-
| TH || John Tregear, ''Homelyes xiii in Cornyshe'' (British Library Additional MS 46, 397) [text from a cyclostyled text published by Christopher Bice (s.l. [1969])

* [[Tregear Homilies]]
|-
| Ustick MSS || proverbs and rhymes from Ustick's Manuscripts in W.C. Borlase, 'A Collection of hitherto unpublished Proverbs and rhymes, in the Ancient Cornish Language; from the Manuscripts of Dr Borlase', ''Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall'' 2 1866: 11-12

* [[Proverbs]]
|-
| WBodinar || P.A.S. Pool & O.J. Padel, 'William Bodinar's Letter, 1776', ''Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall'', New Series, vol. 7 (1975-76), 231-36

* [[Bodinar's letter]]
|-
| WGwavas || writings by William Gwavas in Pryce and LAM.

* [[Memorial to Capt. Stephen Hutchens]]
* [[Letter to John Boson]]
* [[Letter to America]]
* [[An Deag Laver Deu by William Gwavas]]
* [[Poem about Marazion Bowling-Green and Club]]
* [[Letter to Oliver Pender]]
* [[Verse to Nicholas Pentreath]]
|}

Texts3

2025-02-01T05:57:51Z

Nicky:

{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align: left;"
! Abbr. || Full
|-
| AB || Edward Lhuyd, ''Archaeologia Britannia'' (London 1707 [reprinted Shannon 1971])

* [[Archaeologia Britannia]]
|-
| Bilbao MS || Henry Jenner 'The Cornish Manuscript in the provincial library at Bilbao, Spain', ''Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall'' 21 (1924-25): 421-37

*missing
|-
|BK || Graham Thomas & Nicholas Williams (editors), ''Bewnans Ke: The Life of St Kea'' (Exeter 2007)

*[[Bewnans Ke]]
|-
|BM || Whitley Stokes (editor), ''Beunans Meriasek: the life of St Meriasek, Bishop and confessor, a Cornish drama'' (London: Trübner and Co. 1872)

*[[Beunans Meriasek]]
|-
| Bodewyrd MS || Andrew Hawke, 'A Rediscovered Cornish-English Vocabulary', ''Cornish Studies: Nine'' (2001): 83-104.
|-
| Borde || Andrew Borde, cited from J. Loth, 'Cornique moderne', ''Archiv für Celtische Lexicographie'' 1 (1900): 224-28
|-
| Borlase || William Borlase, ''Antiquities of the County of Cornwall'' (London 1754)
|-
| Carew || F.E. Halliday (editor), ''Richard Carew of Antony, the survey of Cornwall'' (London 1953)

*[[The Survey of Cornwall]]
|-
| CF || ''The Charter Fragment'', text from E. Campanile, 'Un frammento scenico medio-cornico', ''Studi e saggi linguistici'' 60-80, supplement to ''L'Italia Dialettale 26''

*[[Charter Fragment]]
|-
| Chygwyn || The song 'Delkyow Sevy', quoted by William Pryce F f 4 v.

*[[Delkiow Seve]]
|-
| CPNE || O.J. Padel, ''Cornish Place-Name Elements'' (Nottingham 1985)
|-
| CW || Whitley Stokes, ''Gwreans an Bys: The Creation of the World'' (London 1864 [reprinted 2003 by Kessinger Publishing, Montana, USA])

*[[Gwreans an Bys]]
|-
| Exeter Consistory Court || Deposition of the Bishop's Consistory Court at Exeter (1572). Quoted from Martyn F. Wakelin, ''Language and history in Cornwall'' (Leicester University Press 1975): 89
|-
| Geirlyer Kyrnweig || Edward Lhuyd's Cornish glossary, National Library of Wales. MS Llanstephan 84.
|-
| Gwavas MS || BM Add. MS 28, 554 f. 106, edited by R. Hooper, ''Old Cornwall'' vol. ix, no. 11, Autumn 1984
|-
| Jago || F. W. P. Jago, ''Dialect of Cornwall'' (Truro 1882)
|-
| JBoson || Cornish writings of John Boson in O.J. Padel, ''The Cornish Writings of the Boson Family'' (Redruth 1975)

* [[Pilchard Rhyme]]
* [[Memorial to Capt. Stephen Hutchens]]
* [[Kymero ‘wyth goz lavrak pouz]]
* [[Letter to William Gwavas with Lord's prayer]]
* [[Reply to William Gwavas]]
* [[Jenkins epitaph]]
* [[Letter to William Gwavas]]
* [[Verse at Keigwin’s death]]
* [[Pader an Arleth]]
* [[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]]
* [[An Credian by John Boson]]
* [[Genesis I]]
* [[Advice to a neighbour]]
|-
| JCH || ''John of Chyanhor'', in O.J. Padel, ''The Cornish Writings of the Boson Family'' (Redruth 1975)

* [[Jooan Chei an Horr]]
|-
| NBoson || Nicholas Boson, 'Nebbaz Gerriau dro tho Carnoack', in O.J. Padel, ''The Cornish Writings of the Boson Family'' (Redruth 1975)

* [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
|-
| JJenkins || two poems by James Jenkins, quoted in Pryce (1790)

* [[Cousow do ve che dean mor ferre]]
* [[Ma leeas gwreag]]
|-
| JKeigwin || 1. John Keigwin's translation of the letter of Charles I in Tremenheere MSS, Morrab Library, Penzance, typescript edition by P.A.S. Pool (1995); 2. His translation of ''Genesis'' 1, from Gwavas collection, British Library Add MS 28554; 3. The Lords prayer in Cornish, Gwavas Collection

* [[King Charles I’s Letter]]
* [[Genesis I by John Keigwin]]
* [[The Lords prayer in Cornish]]
|-
| JTonkin || two poems by John Tonkin (c. 1693 & c. 1695) in LAM: 224-228

* [[Menja Tiz Kernuak buz gasowas]] (need to check LAM)
* [[Ni venja pea]] (need to check LAM)
|-
| LAM || Alan Kent and Tim Saunders (editors), ''Looking at the Mermaid: A Reader in Cornish Literature 900-1900'' (London 2000)
|-
| Lhuyd MSS || proverbs from Lhuyd's Manuscripts in W.C. Borlase, 'A Collection of hitherto unpublished Proverbs and rhymes, in the Ancient Cornish Language', ''Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall'' 2 1866: 10
|-
| OCV || Eugene V. Graves, ''The Old Cornish Vocabulary'' (PhD thesis, Columbia University 1962)

* [[Vocabularium Cornicum]]
|-
| Oliver Oldwanton || Michael Flachman (editor), 'The First English Epistolary Novel: "The Image of Idleness (1555)", ''Studies in Philology'' 87, No. 1 (Winter 1990). University of North Carolina Press

* [[The Image of Idleness]]
|-
| OM || 'Origo Mundi' in Edwin Norris, ''The Ancient Cornish Drama'' (London 1859 [reprinted New York & London 1968]: i 1-219

* [[Origo Mundi]]
|-
| OPender || letter by Oliver Pender (August 1711) in LAM: 239

* [[Letter about pilchards]] (need to check LAM)
* [[Letter about Edward Lhuyd]] (need to check LAM)
|-
| PA || Harry Woodhouse (editor), ''The Cornish Passion Poem in facsimile'' (Penryn 2002)

* [[Pascon agan Arluth]]
|-
| PC || 'Passio Christi' in Edwin Norris, ''The Ancient Cornish Drama'' (London 1859 [reprinted New York & London 1968]: i 221-479

* [[Passio Christi]]
|-
| Pryce || William Pryce, ''Archaeologia Cornu-Britannica'' (Sherborne 1790 [reprinted Menston, Yorkshire 1972])

* [[Archaeologia Cornu-Britannica]]
|-
| RD || 'Resurrexio Domini' in Edwin Norris, ''The Ancient Cornish Drama'' (London 1859 [reprinted New York & London 1968]: ii 1-199

* [[Resurrectio Domini]]
|-
|Richard Symonds || Charles Edward Long (editor), ''Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army during the Great Civil War; kept by Richard Symonds'' (Camden Society 1859)

*[[Civil War Diary]]
|-
| Rowe || J. Loth (editor), 'Textes inédits en cornique moderne', ''Revue Celtique'' 23, 173-200. [https://archive.org/details/revueceltiqu23pari/page/172/mode/2up]

* [[Genesis III]]
* [[Matthew IV]]
* [[Matthew II]]

|-
| SA || ''Sacrament an Alter'', text quoted from an unpublished edition by D.H. Frost (St David's College 2003)
|-
| Scawen MSS || proverbs and rhymes from Mr. Scawen's Manuscripts in W.C. Borlase, 'A Collection of hitherto unpublished Proverbs and rhymes, in the Ancient Cornish Language; from the Manuscripts of Dr Borlase', ''Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall'' 2 1866: 9-10 [https://archive.org/details/journalofroyalin2186667roya/page/10/mode/2up]

* [[Proverbs]]
|-
| TBoson || Cornish writings of Thomas Boson in O.J. Padel, ''The Cornish Writings of the Boson Family'' (Redruth 1975)

* [[Ol poble eze war an oare a treegaz]] (maybe TBoson)
* [[An Pader]]
* [[An Deag Laver Deu by Thomas Boson]]
* [[An Credian by Thomas Boson]]
|-
| TH || John Tregear, ''Homelyes xiii in Cornyshe'' (British Library Additional MS 46, 397) [text from a cyclostyled text published by Christopher Bice (s.l. [1969])

* [[Tregear Homilies]]
|-
| Ustick MSS || proverbs and rhymes from Ustick's Manuscripts in W.C. Borlase, 'A Collection of hitherto unpublished Proverbs and rhymes, in the Ancient Cornish Language; from the Manuscripts of Dr Borlase', ''Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall'' 2 1866: 11-12

* [[Proverbs]]
|-
| WBodinar || P.A.S. Pool & O.J. Padel, 'William Bodinar's Letter, 1776', ''Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall'', New Series, vol. 7 (1975-76), 231-36

* [[Bodinar's letter]]
|-
| WGwavas || writings by William Gwavas in Pryce and LAM.

* [[Memorial to Capt. Stephen Hutchens]]
* [[Letter to John Boson]]
* [[Letter to America]]
* [[An Deag Laver Deu by William Gwavas]]
* [[Poem about Marazion Bowling-Green and Club]]
* [[Letter to Oliver Pender]]
* [[Verse to Nicholas Pentreath]]
|}