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As soon as

2026-09-15T11:49:34Z

Nicky: /* mar verr dell */

Main Page

2026-09-15T11:48:29Z

Nicky: /* Grammar */

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Genitive of attribution]]
*[[Compound nouns]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Dell]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Non-finite forms:
**[[Present participle]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*[[Phrasal verbs]]
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
***[[Bos with gans]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dri]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]
*[[Cleft sentences]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Dell

2026-09-15T11:47:59Z

Nicky: Created page with "==Dell 'as' with a time meaning== * Dell dheuth a'n nev war y feth | ev a welas golow teg = As it came from heaven onto his face, he saw a beautiful light (PA244)"

==Dell 'as' with a time meaning==
* Dell dheuth a'n nev war y feth | ev a welas golow teg = As it came from heaven onto his face, he saw a beautiful light (PA244)

Compound nouns

2026-09-15T11:45:18Z

Nicky:

*ugens '''moldeer''' 'mile' (mil + tir) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
*an '''men bedh''' 'gravestone' (men + bedh) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
*e '''Bargenteer''' 'manor' (bargen + tir) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
*an '''Pobel-choy''' 'servants' (pobel + chi) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
*'''tra-gweele''' 'business' (tra + gwul) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

==Not a compound?==
*pyth keskar - the loss/scattering/dispersal of possessions PA23. George in GM09 says it’s intransitive and hyphenates it
*'''Codna teer''' 'peninsula' (translated as 'neck of land' by NBoson) konna a dir? [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

==?==
*Kavanskeus PA156. George GM09 says it's cognate with Welsh cyfan + C skeus (GPC cyfan "whole, entire" from B *kom-ann-), and his IPA has penultimate stress. Kav-an-skeus? Kevan-skeus? Williams 2020 has cavanskes.

Cleft sentences

2026-09-15T08:48:53Z

Nicky:

*an Jowl yw a'n hembrenki. PA62

==In questions==
*"Pandra yw a vynnowgh hwi?" PA67

==In dependent clauses==

*Mes re war Grist a ynnyas, | yth o diwes a erghi. PA201

Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)

2026-09-14T14:53:03Z

Nicky:

*hag a wodhaffo yn hwar dhodho kemmys eus ordnys PA24

*myns eus omma kuntellys PA92

*bydh reson dh'y ladha nyns eus kevys PA128

*Kleves bras eus y'm diwla devedhys. PA156

*neb eus genen kregys he who has been hanged with us PA192

*Yma maryaj galloesek kewsys dhyn rag Meryasek. BM177-8

*Ahanas eus dhyn kewsys BM229

*Yn ow fas koedhys yma kleves euthek BM728-9

*P'yw an jowl eus hwarvedhys? BM775

*joy nev yma dhywgh grontys BM1301

*Yn nes yma koedhys golowder BM1309-10

*eus mertherys dell glywa' BM1324

*Yma orthiv lovryjyon kodhys BM1356-7

*Pandr'eus hwyrvys? What has happened? BM1410-12

*yma pur wir Meryasek devedhys omma dhe'n pow BM1945-6

*Y neshevin sur ymons serrys dredho yn sertan BM1954-5

*dhe'n chapel pur wir yma akontys gans tus pur goth BM1978-9

*Nos tewl yth o nammnygen, ha lemmyn sur gol'wyjyon, a-dro dhymm yma koedhys A dark night now, to me not otherwise, And now surely radiance Around me is fallen BM3680-2

*ef a brefyas lowre gow theis | ha genas ymons cregys CW818-9 (pronoun in yma)

*mer a bayne es thyes ornys CW906

*thom flehys es genys CW1037

*owt te vyllan pandres gwryes CW1578

* Scryffes yma thym pub tra CW2172 DHE = have sth done (I’ve had it written down)

* Skryffes yma in ryma CW2172 has been written (action rather than state)

*E ma reaze gennan thu keneffra lazoan toane haaz a eze wor enapp an Noare yma res genam dhewgh keniver losowen [ow] ton has, eus war enep an nor I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*Ema reaze gennam keneffra Lozoan Glaze ragg boaze Yma res genam keniver losowen las rag boos I have given every green herb for meat ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. 'ell agas dedhyow bos pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ma gollow dereves man light is sprung up ([[Matthew IV]])

there are here
*Pyseul yw somm an fleghes eus kuntellys dhymm omma? How much is the total of children that are gathered here for me? BM1604-5

Cleft sentences

2026-09-08T12:47:02Z

Nicky:

*an Jowl yw a'n hembrenki. PA62

==In questions==
*"Pandra yw a vynnowgh hwi?" PA67

Cleft sentences

2026-09-08T12:35:16Z

Nicky: Created page with "*an Jowl yw a'n hembrenki. PA62"

*an Jowl yw a'n hembrenki. PA62

Main Page

2026-09-08T12:34:46Z

Nicky:

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Genitive of attribution]]
*[[Compound nouns]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Non-finite forms:
**[[Present participle]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*[[Phrasal verbs]]
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
***[[Bos with gans]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dri]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]
*[[Cleft sentences]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)

2026-09-01T15:32:48Z

Nicky:

*hag a wodhaffo yn hwar dhodho kemmys eus ordnys PA24

*myns eus omma kuntellys PA92

*bydh reson dh'y ladha nyns eus kevys PA128

*Kleves bras eus y'm diwla devedhys. PA156

*neb eus genen kregys he who has been hanged with us PA192

*Yma maryaj galloesek kewsys dhyn rag Meryasek. BM177-8

*Ahanas eus dhyn kewsys BM229

*Yn ow fas koedhys yma kleves euthek BM728-9

*P'yw an jowl eus hwarvedhys? BM775

*joy nev yma dhywgh grontys BM1301

*Yn nes yma koedhys golowder BM1309-10

*eus mertherys dell glywa' BM1324

*Yma orthiv lovryjyon kodhys BM1356-7

*Pandr'eus hwyrvys? What has happened? BM1410-12

*yma pur wir Meryasek devedhys omma dhe'n pow BM1945-6

*Y neshevin sur ymons serrys dredho yn sertan BM1954-5

*dhe'n chapel pur wir yma akontys gans tus pur goth BM1978-9

*Nos tewl yth o nammnygen, ha lemmyn sur gol'wyjyon, a-dro dhymm yma koedhys A dark night now, to me not otherwise, And now surely radiance Around me is fallen BM3680-2

*ef a brefyas lowre gow theis | ha genas ymons cregys CW818-9 (pronoun in yma)

*mer a bayne es thyes ornys CW906

*thom flehys es genys CW1037

*owt te vyllan pandres gwryes CW1578

*E ma reaze gennan thu keneffra lazoan toane haaz a eze wor enapp an Noare yma res genam dhewgh keniver losowen [ow] ton has, eus war enep an nor I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*Ema reaze gennam keneffra Lozoan Glaze ragg boaze Yma res genam keniver losowen las rag boos I have given every green herb for meat ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. 'ell agas dedhyow bos pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ma gollow dereves man light is sprung up ([[Matthew IV]])

there are here
*Pyseul yw somm an fleghes eus kuntellys dhymm omma? How much is the total of children that are gathered here for me? BM1604-5

Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)

2026-09-01T15:15:36Z

Nicky:

*hag a wodhaffo yn hwar dhodho kemmys eus ordnys PA24

*myns eus omma kuntellys PA92

*bydh reson dh'y ladha nyns eus kevys PA128

*Kleves bras eus y'm diwla devedhys. PA156

*neb eus genen kregys he who has been hanged with us PA192

*Yma maryaj galloesek kewsys dhyn rag Meryasek. BM177-8

*Ahanas eus dhyn kewsys BM229

*Yn ow fas koedhys yma kleves euthek BM728-9

*P'yw an jowl eus hwarvedhys? BM775

*joy nev yma dhywgh grontys BM1301

*Yn nes yma koedhys golowder BM1309-10

*eus mertherys dell glywa' BM1324

*Yma orthiv lovryjyon kodhys BM1356-7

*Pandr'eus hwyrvys? What has happened? BM1410-12

*yma pur wir Meryasek devedhys omma dhe'n pow BM1945-6

*Y neshevin sur ymons serrys dredho yn sertan BM1954-5

*dhe'n chapel pur wir yma akontys gans tus pur goth BM1978-9

*Nos tewl yth o nammnygen, ha lemmyn sur gol'wyjyon, a-dro dhymm yma koedhys A dark night now, to me not otherwise, And now surely radiance Around me is fallen BM3680-2

*ef a brefyas lowre gow theis | ha genas ymons cregys CW818-9 (pronoun in yma)

*mer a bayne es thyes ornys CW906

*owt te vyllan pandres gwryes CW1578

*E ma reaze gennan thu keneffra lazoan toane haaz a eze wor enapp an Noare yma res genam dhewgh keniver losowen [ow] ton has, eus war enep an nor I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*Ema reaze gennam keneffra Lozoan Glaze ragg boaze Yma res genam keniver losowen las rag boos I have given every green herb for meat ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. 'ell agas dedhyow bos pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ma gollow dereves man light is sprung up ([[Matthew IV]])

there are here
*Pyseul yw somm an fleghes eus kuntellys dhymm omma? How much is the total of children that are gathered here for me? BM1604-5

Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)

2026-09-01T15:08:00Z

Nicky:

*hag a wodhaffo yn hwar dhodho kemmys eus ordnys PA24

*myns eus omma kuntellys PA92

*bydh reson dh'y ladha nyns eus kevys PA128

*Kleves bras eus y'm diwla devedhys. PA156

*neb eus genen kregys he who has been hanged with us PA192

*Yma maryaj galloesek kewsys dhyn rag Meryasek. BM177-8

*Ahanas eus dhyn kewsys BM229

*Yn ow fas koedhys yma kleves euthek BM728-9

*P'yw an jowl eus hwarvedhys? BM775

*joy nev yma dhywgh grontys BM1301

*Yn nes yma koedhys golowder BM1309-10

*eus mertherys dell glywa' BM1324

*Yma orthiv lovryjyon kodhys BM1356-7

*Pandr'eus hwyrvys? What has happened? BM1410-12

*yma pur wir Meryasek devedhys omma dhe'n pow BM1945-6

*Y neshevin sur ymons serrys dredho yn sertan BM1954-5

*dhe'n chapel pur wir yma akontys gans tus pur goth BM1978-9

*Nos tewl yth o nammnygen, ha lemmyn sur gol'wyjyon, a-dro dhymm yma koedhys A dark night now, to me not otherwise, And now surely radiance Around me is fallen BM3680-2

*ef a brefyas lowre gow theis | ha genas ymons cregys CW818-9 (pronoun in yma)

*owt te vyllan pandres gwryes CW1578

*E ma reaze gennan thu keneffra lazoan toane haaz a eze wor enapp an Noare yma res genam dhewgh keniver losowen [ow] ton has, eus war enep an nor I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*Ema reaze gennam keneffra Lozoan Glaze ragg boaze Yma res genam keniver losowen las rag boos I have given every green herb for meat ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. 'ell agas dedhyow bos pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ma gollow dereves man light is sprung up ([[Matthew IV]])

there are here
*Pyseul yw somm an fleghes eus kuntellys dhymm omma? How much is the total of children that are gathered here for me? BM1604-5

Future with mos

2026-08-31T13:59:41Z

Nicky:

*Wel, wel, mar nyns edh a'y nagh Well, well, if thou wilt not go from refusing him BM3561

Is this "going to"? Why use a? Need more examples

Go from refusing = stop refusing?

Genesis III

2026-08-29T14:32:20Z

Nicky: /* Notes */

{| width="100%"
| 1 || Lebben an hagar-breeve o mouy foulze vell onen vethell an Bestaz an gweale a reege an Arleth Deew Geele; Ha e a lavarraze tha an Vennen, Eah! Reeg Deew lawle, Che na raze debre a kenevrah gwethan an Looar? || Lebmyn an hagar brev o moy fals avel onen veth oll a'n bestes a'n gwel a wrug an Arlodh Duw gul. Ha ev a leveris dhe'n venyn, "Ye, a wrug Duw lawl, chy na wres debry a geniver gwedhen an lowarth?" || Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the Lord God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden?
|-
| 2 || Ha an venen a lavarraz tha an hagar-breeve, ni a ell debre a thore oll an gweth an loar. || Ha an venyn a leveris dhe'n hagar brev, "Ny a ell debry a-dhyworth oll an gwedh y'n lowarth." || And the woman said unto the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden:
|-
| 3 || Boz thort an gwethan a ez en crease an Loar, Deew a lavarraz why nara debre anethe na narewa e thotcha, lez why a varaw. || Bes dhort an wedhen eus en cres an lowarth, Duw a lavaras why na wra debry anedhy, na na wrewgh why hy thochya, les why a varow. || But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.
|-
| 4 || Ha an hagar-breeve a lavarraz than Vennen, why nara seere merwall. || Ha an hagar brev a lavaras dhe'n venyn, why na wra sur merwel. || And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die:
|-
| 5 || Rag Deew a ore, a en jorna ah ero debre nothe, nena agoz Lagagow ra bos geres; ha why ra boaze pocara deew a cothaz Da ha Droag || Rag Duw a wor, e'n jorna ma erowgh debry anodho, nena agas lagajow a wra bos egerys, ha why a wra bos pecara Duw ha godhvos da ha drog. || For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil.
|-
| 6 || Pereege a Vennin gwellas tro an wethan da rag booze, ha derohi blonk than Lagagow ha gwethan tha voaze desyryes tha gwelle onen feere; Hi a gomeras radn an Haze anethe ha reege debre; ha a rowze radn the e Goore goshe, hag e reege debre. || Pa wrug an venyn gweles dr'o an wedhen da rag boos, ha der o hi blonk dhe'n lagajow, ha gwedhen dhe bos desiryes dha weles onen fur, hy a gemeras radn an has anedhy ha wrug debry, ha a ros radn dh'y gour gensy, hag ev a wrug debry. || And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat.
|-
| 7 || Ha lagagow an gie ve gerres ha an gie oyah teler an gie en noath; ha an gye a wrivas Delkyow Figgez warbarth, ha wraze tho an gye aprodnieo. || Ha lagajow anjy a veu gerys ha anjy a woya dell era anjy en noth, ha jy a wrias delyow figys warbarth, ha wras dhe anjy aprodnyow. || And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.
|-
| 8 || Ha angye a glowhas leaufe a Arleth Deew a kerras en Looar en yeindre an Deeth, ha Adam ha e wreege a geeth tha govah thort deraage an Arleth Deew amisk an gweeth an Looar. || Ha anjy a glowas lev an Arlodh Duw ow kerdhes e'n lowarth en yeynder an jedh, ha Adam ha'y wreg a geth dhe gudha dhort dherag an Arlodh Duw en-mesk an gwedh an lowarth. || And they heard the voice of the Lord God walking in the garden in the cool of the day: and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the Lord God amongst the trees of the garden.
|-
| 9 || Ha an Arleth Deew agerias tha Adam ha lavarraz thotha peleha estha? || Ha an Arlodh Duw a grias dhe Adam ha lavaras dhodho "Ple es'ta?" || And the Lord God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou?
|-
| 10 || Ha e lavarraz, Ve a glowhas leave en loohar; ha me vee owne, rag theren en noath, me geath tha govah. || Hag ev a lavaras, "Me a glowas dha lev e'n lowarth, ha me a veu own, rag theren en noth, me geth dhe gudha. || And he said, I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself.
|-
| 11 || Ha e a gowsas, preg laule theeze tellestah en noath? Aresta debre thort an Gwethan a reeg a vee laule theeeze a na wresta debre? || Hag ev a gowsas, "Piw a wrug lawl dhis dell es'ta en noth? A wress'ta debry dhort an wedhen a wrug vy lawl dhis na wres ta debry?" || And he said, Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat?
|-
| 12 || Ha an Deana gowzas, an venin aresta ry dha ve, hy a rose tha ve thor an wethan ha ve reeg debre. || Ha an den a gowsas, "An venyn a wress'ta ry dhe vy, hy a ros dhe vy dhort an wedhen ha my a wrug debry". || And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat.
|-
| 13 || Ha an Arleth Deew a gowzas tha an venen, pandrew hemma a eze gwraeze geneze?ha venen a worebaz; An hagar-breeve a thullas ve ha ve reeg debre. || Ha an Arlodh Duw a gowsas dhe'n venyn, "Pandr'ew hebma eus gwres genes?" Ha an venyn a worthebas, "An hagar brev a dullas vy ha me a wrug debry". || And the Lord God said unto the woman, What is this that thou hast done? And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.
|-
| 14 || Ha an Arleth Deew a lavarras tha an hagar-breeve Drefen chee tha weele hemma tho chee molithes a dres ol an chattel, ha derez kenefra bestaz an gweal; war tha doar chee ra moaze, ha douste chee ra debre oll deethyow tha vownyas. || Ha an Arlodh Duw a lavaras dhe'n hagar brev, "drefen che dhe wul hebma, tho chy molethys dres oll an chattel, ha dres keniver best a'n gwel: war dha dorr che a wra mos, ha doust che a wra debry oll dedhyow dha vownans". || And the Lord God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life:
|-
| 15 || Ha ve vedn goerah zoer treeth chy, ha an vennen, ha treeth an haaze chee, ha e haaze hie; E ra brewi tha pedn, ha chee ra brewi e gwewan. || Ha me a vedn gorra sorr tredh chy ha'n venyn, ha tredh an has chy, ha'y has hy. Ev a wra brewy dha bedn, ha che a wra brewy y wewan. || And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel.
|-
| 16 || Tha an venen e cowzas, Me vedn meare cressha tha dewhan, ha tha humthan; en dewhan chee ra dooone flehas; ha tha dezeria ra boaze tha goore, ha E ra tha rowlia. || Dhe'n venyn ev a gowsas, "Me a vedh meur cressya dha dhuwon, ha dha omdhon; en duwon che a wra don flehes, ha dha dhesir a wra bos dhe'th gour, hag ev a wra dha rowlya". || Unto the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.
|-
| 17 || Ha tha Adam E gowzas dreffen chee tha gazowaz the tallah the wreege, ha reege debre thor an wethan, a reeg a vee lawle chee na raaze debre anothe; Cushez yw an nore rag the crengah; gen Dewan chee ra debre notha oll deethyow tha vownyaz. || Ha dhe Adam ev a gowsas, "Drefen che dhe wosowes dhe dalla dha wreg, ha wrug debry dhort an wedhen, a wrug vy lawl che na wras debry anedhy", cursys yw an nor rag dha gerenja, gen duwon che a wra debry anodho oll dedhyow dha vownans". || And unto Adam he said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life;
|-
| 18 || Spearn ha askal ra e dry theeze, ha chee ra debre an lozo an gweale. || Spern hag ascal a wra ev dry dhis, ha che a wra debry an losow a'n gwel. || Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field;
|-
| 19 || En wheeze tha godna talle che ra debre the vara, tereba chee tha traylya tha noar; Rag a vesta che ve comereze; rag douste eze, ha tha douste che ra traylyah. || E'n whes dha godna tal che a wra debry dha vara, tereba che dhe dreylya dhe'n nor, rag a hedna che a veu kemerys, rag doust os, ha dhe dhoust che a wra treylya. || In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.
|-
| 20 || Ha Adam a gryaze hanaw e wreege Eva dreffen o hye damah a oll bewjah, || Ha Adam a grias hanow y wreg Eva drefen o hy dama a oll bewyon. || And Adam called his wife's name Eve; because she was the mother of all living.
|-
| 21 || Ha tha Adam ha e wreeg a reeg an Arleth Deew geele bowse crohan, ha ez goreraz. || Ha dhe Adam ha'y wreg y whrug an Arlodh Duw gul pows crohen, ha hy a's gorheras. || Unto Adam also and to his wife did the Lord God make coats of skins, and clothed them.
|-
| 22 || Ha an Arleth Deew reeg lawle, meroyow; An dean yw devethez pocara ha onen a nye, da othaz dha ha drog. Ha leben lez E ora raage ha komeraz a weeth dore an gwethan bownaz, ha debre, ha bewa rag nevra. || Ha an Arlodh Duw a wrug lawl, "Merowgh, an den yw devedhys pecar hag onan a ny, dhe wodhvos da ha drog. Ha lebmyn les ev dhe worra rag ha kemeres a-wedh dhort an wedhen bownans, ha debry, ha bewa rag nevra. || And the Lord God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever:
|-
| 23 || Rag hedda Arleth Deew devenas Eve a rage thor thor paraves, tha gonez an noare, thor neb veva comeres. || Rag hedna Arlodh Duw a dhanvonas Ev en-rag dhort Paradis, dhe wonis an nor, dhort neb veu va kemerys. || Therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken.
|-
| 24 || Della E a hellaz meaze an Dean; ha E oraze tha East a baraves Elze neeve, ha Cletha Tane reg traylya kenefra Vor, tha gweetha an Vor an Gwethan Vownyaz. An Duah an dridga chaptra a Genisis. || Endella ev a helghyas mes an den, hag ev a worras dhe est a baradis eleth nev, ha cledha tan a wrug treylya keniver fordh, dhe witha an fordh a'n wedhen a vownans. || So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life.
|}

==Notes==
*William Rowe 1668-1709

* Why ra bos = not just you will be, but you “shall” be / become?

==Links==
*Modern Cornish http://www.moderncornish.net/late-texts/Rowe-William-genesisIII.html
*Loth, J., ed. ‘Études Corniques II: Textes Inédits En Cornique Moderne’. Revue Celtique 23 (1902): 173–200. https://archive.org/details/revueceltiqu23pari/page/184/mode/2up

Genesis III

2026-08-29T14:31:52Z

Nicky:

{| width="100%"
| 1 || Lebben an hagar-breeve o mouy foulze vell onen vethell an Bestaz an gweale a reege an Arleth Deew Geele; Ha e a lavarraze tha an Vennen, Eah! Reeg Deew lawle, Che na raze debre a kenevrah gwethan an Looar? || Lebmyn an hagar brev o moy fals avel onen veth oll a'n bestes a'n gwel a wrug an Arlodh Duw gul. Ha ev a leveris dhe'n venyn, "Ye, a wrug Duw lawl, chy na wres debry a geniver gwedhen an lowarth?" || Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the Lord God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden?
|-
| 2 || Ha an venen a lavarraz tha an hagar-breeve, ni a ell debre a thore oll an gweth an loar. || Ha an venyn a leveris dhe'n hagar brev, "Ny a ell debry a-dhyworth oll an gwedh y'n lowarth." || And the woman said unto the serpent, We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden:
|-
| 3 || Boz thort an gwethan a ez en crease an Loar, Deew a lavarraz why nara debre anethe na narewa e thotcha, lez why a varaw. || Bes dhort an wedhen eus en cres an lowarth, Duw a lavaras why na wra debry anedhy, na na wrewgh why hy thochya, les why a varow. || But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.
|-
| 4 || Ha an hagar-breeve a lavarraz than Vennen, why nara seere merwall. || Ha an hagar brev a lavaras dhe'n venyn, why na wra sur merwel. || And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die:
|-
| 5 || Rag Deew a ore, a en jorna ah ero debre nothe, nena agoz Lagagow ra bos geres; ha why ra boaze pocara deew a cothaz Da ha Droag || Rag Duw a wor, e'n jorna ma erowgh debry anodho, nena agas lagajow a wra bos egerys, ha why a wra bos pecara Duw ha godhvos da ha drog. || For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil.
|-
| 6 || Pereege a Vennin gwellas tro an wethan da rag booze, ha derohi blonk than Lagagow ha gwethan tha voaze desyryes tha gwelle onen feere; Hi a gomeras radn an Haze anethe ha reege debre; ha a rowze radn the e Goore goshe, hag e reege debre. || Pa wrug an venyn gweles dr'o an wedhen da rag boos, ha der o hi blonk dhe'n lagajow, ha gwedhen dhe bos desiryes dha weles onen fur, hy a gemeras radn an has anedhy ha wrug debry, ha a ros radn dh'y gour gensy, hag ev a wrug debry. || And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat.
|-
| 7 || Ha lagagow an gie ve gerres ha an gie oyah teler an gie en noath; ha an gye a wrivas Delkyow Figgez warbarth, ha wraze tho an gye aprodnieo. || Ha lagajow anjy a veu gerys ha anjy a woya dell era anjy en noth, ha jy a wrias delyow figys warbarth, ha wras dhe anjy aprodnyow. || And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.
|-
| 8 || Ha angye a glowhas leaufe a Arleth Deew a kerras en Looar en yeindre an Deeth, ha Adam ha e wreege a geeth tha govah thort deraage an Arleth Deew amisk an gweeth an Looar. || Ha anjy a glowas lev an Arlodh Duw ow kerdhes e'n lowarth en yeynder an jedh, ha Adam ha'y wreg a geth dhe gudha dhort dherag an Arlodh Duw en-mesk an gwedh an lowarth. || And they heard the voice of the Lord God walking in the garden in the cool of the day: and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the Lord God amongst the trees of the garden.
|-
| 9 || Ha an Arleth Deew agerias tha Adam ha lavarraz thotha peleha estha? || Ha an Arlodh Duw a grias dhe Adam ha lavaras dhodho "Ple es'ta?" || And the Lord God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou?
|-
| 10 || Ha e lavarraz, Ve a glowhas leave en loohar; ha me vee owne, rag theren en noath, me geath tha govah. || Hag ev a lavaras, "Me a glowas dha lev e'n lowarth, ha me a veu own, rag theren en noth, me geth dhe gudha. || And he said, I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself.
|-
| 11 || Ha e a gowsas, preg laule theeze tellestah en noath? Aresta debre thort an Gwethan a reeg a vee laule theeeze a na wresta debre? || Hag ev a gowsas, "Piw a wrug lawl dhis dell es'ta en noth? A wress'ta debry dhort an wedhen a wrug vy lawl dhis na wres ta debry?" || And he said, Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat?
|-
| 12 || Ha an Deana gowzas, an venin aresta ry dha ve, hy a rose tha ve thor an wethan ha ve reeg debre. || Ha an den a gowsas, "An venyn a wress'ta ry dhe vy, hy a ros dhe vy dhort an wedhen ha my a wrug debry". || And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat.
|-
| 13 || Ha an Arleth Deew a gowzas tha an venen, pandrew hemma a eze gwraeze geneze?ha venen a worebaz; An hagar-breeve a thullas ve ha ve reeg debre. || Ha an Arlodh Duw a gowsas dhe'n venyn, "Pandr'ew hebma eus gwres genes?" Ha an venyn a worthebas, "An hagar brev a dullas vy ha me a wrug debry". || And the Lord God said unto the woman, What is this that thou hast done? And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.
|-
| 14 || Ha an Arleth Deew a lavarras tha an hagar-breeve Drefen chee tha weele hemma tho chee molithes a dres ol an chattel, ha derez kenefra bestaz an gweal; war tha doar chee ra moaze, ha douste chee ra debre oll deethyow tha vownyas. || Ha an Arlodh Duw a lavaras dhe'n hagar brev, "drefen che dhe wul hebma, tho chy molethys dres oll an chattel, ha dres keniver best a'n gwel: war dha dorr che a wra mos, ha doust che a wra debry oll dedhyow dha vownans". || And the Lord God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life:
|-
| 15 || Ha ve vedn goerah zoer treeth chy, ha an vennen, ha treeth an haaze chee, ha e haaze hie; E ra brewi tha pedn, ha chee ra brewi e gwewan. || Ha me a vedn gorra sorr tredh chy ha'n venyn, ha tredh an has chy, ha'y has hy. Ev a wra brewy dha bedn, ha che a wra brewy y wewan. || And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel.
|-
| 16 || Tha an venen e cowzas, Me vedn meare cressha tha dewhan, ha tha humthan; en dewhan chee ra dooone flehas; ha tha dezeria ra boaze tha goore, ha E ra tha rowlia. || Dhe'n venyn ev a gowsas, "Me a vedh meur cressya dha dhuwon, ha dha omdhon; en duwon che a wra don flehes, ha dha dhesir a wra bos dhe'th gour, hag ev a wra dha rowlya". || Unto the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.
|-
| 17 || Ha tha Adam E gowzas dreffen chee tha gazowaz the tallah the wreege, ha reege debre thor an wethan, a reeg a vee lawle chee na raaze debre anothe; Cushez yw an nore rag the crengah; gen Dewan chee ra debre notha oll deethyow tha vownyaz. || Ha dhe Adam ev a gowsas, "Drefen che dhe wosowes dhe dalla dha wreg, ha wrug debry dhort an wedhen, a wrug vy lawl che na wras debry anedhy", cursys yw an nor rag dha gerenja, gen duwon che a wra debry anodho oll dedhyow dha vownans". || And unto Adam he said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life;
|-
| 18 || Spearn ha askal ra e dry theeze, ha chee ra debre an lozo an gweale. || Spern hag ascal a wra ev dry dhis, ha che a wra debry an losow a'n gwel. || Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field;
|-
| 19 || En wheeze tha godna talle che ra debre the vara, tereba chee tha traylya tha noar; Rag a vesta che ve comereze; rag douste eze, ha tha douste che ra traylyah. || E'n whes dha godna tal che a wra debry dha vara, tereba che dhe dreylya dhe'n nor, rag a hedna che a veu kemerys, rag doust os, ha dhe dhoust che a wra treylya. || In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.
|-
| 20 || Ha Adam a gryaze hanaw e wreege Eva dreffen o hye damah a oll bewjah, || Ha Adam a grias hanow y wreg Eva drefen o hy dama a oll bewyon. || And Adam called his wife's name Eve; because she was the mother of all living.
|-
| 21 || Ha tha Adam ha e wreeg a reeg an Arleth Deew geele bowse crohan, ha ez goreraz. || Ha dhe Adam ha'y wreg y whrug an Arlodh Duw gul pows crohen, ha hy a's gorheras. || Unto Adam also and to his wife did the Lord God make coats of skins, and clothed them.
|-
| 22 || Ha an Arleth Deew reeg lawle, meroyow; An dean yw devethez pocara ha onen a nye, da othaz dha ha drog. Ha leben lez E ora raage ha komeraz a weeth dore an gwethan bownaz, ha debre, ha bewa rag nevra. || Ha an Arlodh Duw a wrug lawl, "Merowgh, an den yw devedhys pecar hag onan a ny, dhe wodhvos da ha drog. Ha lebmyn les ev dhe worra rag ha kemeres a-wedh dhort an wedhen bownans, ha debry, ha bewa rag nevra. || And the Lord God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever:
|-
| 23 || Rag hedda Arleth Deew devenas Eve a rage thor thor paraves, tha gonez an noare, thor neb veva comeres. || Rag hedna Arlodh Duw a dhanvonas Ev en-rag dhort Paradis, dhe wonis an nor, dhort neb veu va kemerys. || Therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken.
|-
| 24 || Della E a hellaz meaze an Dean; ha E oraze tha East a baraves Elze neeve, ha Cletha Tane reg traylya kenefra Vor, tha gweetha an Vor an Gwethan Vownyaz. An Duah an dridga chaptra a Genisis. || Endella ev a helghyas mes an den, hag ev a worras dhe est a baradis eleth nev, ha cledha tan a wrug treylya keniver fordh, dhe witha an fordh a'n wedhen a vownans. || So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life.
|}

==Notes==
*William Rowe 1668-1709

* Why ra bos = not just you will be, but you “shall” be / become

==Links==
*Modern Cornish http://www.moderncornish.net/late-texts/Rowe-William-genesisIII.html
*Loth, J., ed. ‘Études Corniques II: Textes Inédits En Cornique Moderne’. Revue Celtique 23 (1902): 173–200. https://archive.org/details/revueceltiqu23pari/page/184/mode/2up

Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)

2026-07-13T07:23:23Z

Nicky:

*hag a wodhaffo yn hwar dhodho kemmys eus ordnys PA24

*myns eus omma kuntellys PA92

*bydh reson dh'y ladha nyns eus kevys PA128

*Kleves bras eus y'm diwla devedhys. PA156

*neb eus genen kregys he who has been hanged with us PA192

*Yma maryaj galloesek kewsys dhyn rag Meryasek. BM177-8

*Ahanas eus dhyn kewsys BM229

*Yn ow fas koedhys yma kleves euthek BM728-9

*P'yw an jowl eus hwarvedhys? BM775

*joy nev yma dhywgh grontys BM1301

*Yn nes yma koedhys golowder BM1309-10

*eus mertherys dell glywa' BM1324

*Yma orthiv lovryjyon kodhys BM1356-7

*Pandr'eus hwyrvys? What has happened? BM1410-12

*yma pur wir Meryasek devedhys omma dhe'n pow BM1945-6

*Y neshevin sur ymons serrys dredho yn sertan BM1954-5

*dhe'n chapel pur wir yma akontys gans tus pur goth BM1978-9

*Nos tewl yth o nammnygen, ha lemmyn sur gol'wyjyon, a-dro dhymm yma koedhys A dark night now, to me not otherwise, And now surely radiance Around me is fallen BM3680-2

*ef a brefyas lowre gow theis | ha genas ymons cregys CW818-9

*owt te vyllan pandres gwryes CW1578

*E ma reaze gennan thu keneffra lazoan toane haaz a eze wor enapp an Noare yma res genam dhewgh keniver losowen [ow] ton has, eus war enep an nor I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*Ema reaze gennam keneffra Lozoan Glaze ragg boaze Yma res genam keniver losowen las rag boos I have given every green herb for meat ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. 'ell agas dedhyow bos pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ma gollow dereves man light is sprung up ([[Matthew IV]])

there are here
*Pyseul yw somm an fleghes eus kuntellys dhymm omma? How much is the total of children that are gathered here for me? BM1604-5

Compound nouns

2026-06-29T07:20:02Z

Nicky:

Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)

2026-06-29T07:12:26Z

Nicky:

*hag a wodhaffo yn hwar dhodho kemmys eus ordnys PA24

*bydh reson dh'y ladha nyns eus kevys PA128

*Kleves bras eus y'm diwla devedhys. PA156

*neb eus genen kregys he who has been hanged with us PA192

*Yma maryaj galloesek kewsys dhyn rag Meryasek. BM177-8

*Ahanas eus dhyn kewsys BM229

*Yn ow fas koedhys yma kleves euthek BM728-9

*P'yw an jowl eus hwarvedhys? BM775

*joy nev yma dhywgh grontys BM1301

*Yn nes yma koedhys golowder BM1309-10

*eus mertherys dell glywa' BM1324

*Yma orthiv lovryjyon kodhys BM1356-7

*Pandr'eus hwyrvys? What has happened? BM1410-12

*yma pur wir Meryasek devedhys omma dhe'n pow BM1945-6

*Y neshevin sur ymons serrys dredho yn sertan BM1954-5

*dhe'n chapel pur wir yma akontys gans tus pur goth BM1978-9

*Nos tewl yth o nammnygen, ha lemmyn sur gol'wyjyon, a-dro dhymm yma koedhys A dark night now, to me not otherwise, And now surely radiance Around me is fallen BM3680-2

*ef a brefyas lowre gow theis | ha genas ymons cregys CW818-9

*owt te vyllan pandres gwryes CW1578

*E ma reaze gennan thu keneffra lazoan toane haaz a eze wor enapp an Noare yma res genam dhewgh keniver losowen [ow] ton has, eus war enep an nor I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*Ema reaze gennam keneffra Lozoan Glaze ragg boaze Yma res genam keniver losowen las rag boos I have given every green herb for meat ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. 'ell agas dedhyow bos pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ma gollow dereves man light is sprung up ([[Matthew IV]])

there are here
*Pyseul yw somm an fleghes eus kuntellys dhymm omma? How much is the total of children that are gathered here for me? BM1604-5

Bos with gans

2026-02-18T11:21:21Z

Nicky: Created page with "*praga ew genas she omma | buyldya lester mar worthy CW2296-7 = Why do you want to / intend to / plan to? Why are you doing this?"

*praga ew genas she omma | buyldya lester mar worthy CW2296-7 = Why do you want to / intend to / plan to? Why are you doing this?

Main Page

2026-02-18T11:20:39Z

Nicky:

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Genitive of attribution]]
*[[Compound nouns]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Non-finite forms:
**[[Present participle]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*[[Phrasal verbs]]
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
***[[Bos with gans]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dri]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)

2026-02-18T10:52:24Z

Nicky:

*bydh reson dh'y ladha nyns eus kevys PA128

*Kleves bras eus y'm diwla devedhys. PA156

*neb eus genen kregys he who has been hanged with us PA192

*Yma maryaj galloesek kewsys dhyn rag Meryasek. BM177-8

*Ahanas eus dhyn kewsys BM229

*Yn ow fas koedhys yma kleves euthek BM728-9

*P'yw an jowl eus hwarvedhys? BM775

*joy nev yma dhywgh grontys BM1301

*Yn nes yma koedhys golowder BM1309-10

*eus mertherys dell glywa' BM1324

*Yma orthiv lovryjyon kodhys BM1356-7

*Pandr'eus hwyrvys? What has happened? BM1410-12

*yma pur wir Meryasek devedhys omma dhe'n pow BM1945-6

*Y neshevin sur ymons serrys dredho yn sertan BM1954-5

*dhe'n chapel pur wir yma akontys gans tus pur goth BM1978-9

*Nos tewl yth o nammnygen, ha lemmyn sur gol'wyjyon, a-dro dhymm yma koedhys A dark night now, to me not otherwise, And now surely radiance Around me is fallen BM3680-2

*ef a brefyas lowre gow theis | ha genas ymons cregys CW818-9

*owt te vyllan pandres gwryes CW1578

*E ma reaze gennan thu keneffra lazoan toane haaz a eze wor enapp an Noare yma res genam dhewgh keniver losowen [ow] ton has, eus war enep an nor I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*Ema reaze gennam keneffra Lozoan Glaze ragg boaze Yma res genam keniver losowen las rag boos I have given every green herb for meat ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. 'ell agas dedhyow bos pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ma gollow dereves man light is sprung up ([[Matthew IV]])

there are here
*Pyseul yw somm an fleghes eus kuntellys dhymm omma? How much is the total of children that are gathered here for me? BM1604-5

Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)

2026-02-18T09:18:52Z

Nicky:

*bydh reson dh'y ladha nyns eus kevys PA128

*Kleves bras eus y'm diwla devedhys. PA156

*neb eus genen kregys he who has been hanged with us PA192

*Yma maryaj galloesek kewsys dhyn rag Meryasek. BM177-8

*Ahanas eus dhyn kewsys BM229

*Yn ow fas koedhys yma kleves euthek BM728-9

*P'yw an jowl eus hwarvedhys? BM775

*joy nev yma dhywgh grontys BM1301

*Yn nes yma koedhys golowder BM1309-10

*eus mertherys dell glywa' BM1324

*Yma orthiv lovryjyon kodhys BM1356-7

*Pandr'eus hwyrvys? What has happened? BM1410-12

*yma pur wir Meryasek devedhys omma dhe'n pow BM1945-6

*Y neshevin sur ymons serrys dredho yn sertan BM1954-5

*dhe'n chapel pur wir yma akontys gans tus pur goth BM1978-9

*Nos tewl yth o nammnygen, ha lemmyn sur gol'wyjyon, a-dro dhymm yma koedhys A dark night now, to me not otherwise, And now surely radiance Around me is fallen BM3680-2

*ef a brefyas lowre gow theis | ha genas ymons cregys CW818-9

*E ma reaze gennan thu keneffra lazoan toane haaz a eze wor enapp an Noare yma res genam dhewgh keniver losowen [ow] ton has, eus war enep an nor I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*Ema reaze gennam keneffra Lozoan Glaze ragg boaze Yma res genam keniver losowen las rag boos I have given every green herb for meat ([[Genesis I by John Keigwin]])

*el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. 'ell agas dedhyow bos pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ma gollow dereves man light is sprung up ([[Matthew IV]])

there are here
*Pyseul yw somm an fleghes eus kuntellys dhymm omma? How much is the total of children that are gathered here for me? BM1604-5

Yn unn

2025-09-03T04:32:50Z

Nicky:

=Verbs=
==fistena==
mos
*te ke yn vn fystene | ȝe voth may fo colenwys "Ty ke yn unn fistena, | dha vodh may fo kollenwys, Hurry away so that your purpose may be fulfilled (PA48)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝen tyller ganso o ordnys i eth yn unn fistena | dhe'n tyller kyns o ord'nys They hastened to the place which had been previously arranged. (PA176)

*y eth yn vn fystene | peswar marrek yrvys ens i eth yn unn fistena | peswar marghek ervys ens they went in haste. they were four armed soldiers. (PA241)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝe pylat aga Iustis i eth yn unn fistena | dhe pilat aga justis They hastened to Pilate their magistrate. (PA248)

gul

*del won yn vn fystene | me as gura ny strechyaff pell dell wonn yn unn fistena | my a's gwra ny strechyav pell i will make them as best i can. i will not be long. (PA158)

==stevya==
mos
*In vn stevya oll y eth | bys yn pylat o Iustis yn unn stevya oll i eth | bys yn pilat o justis They all rushed to Pilate who was a magistrate. (PA239)

==skolkya==
dos
*why a theth ȝym yn arvow | dre dreyson yn un scolchye | gans boclers ha cleȝyȝyow | thom kemeres ȝom syndye | ȝom peynye bys yn crow hwi a dheuth dhymm yn arvow | dre dreyson yn unn skolkya | gans boklers ha kledhedhyow | dhe'm kemmeres dhe'm shyndya | dhe'm paynia bys yn krow You have come to me armed, treacherously, furtively, with shields and swords to arrest me, to harm me, to torture me to death (PA74)

==garma==
holya
*Benenas prest a holyas | Ihesu crist yn vn garme benynes prest a holyas | yesu krist yn unn arma Wailing women incessantly followed Jesus Christ. (PA168)

==bramma==
fia
*an beth pan thueth ha lamme | y fyys yn vn vramme | ovn kemerys A'n bedh pan dheuth ha lamma | y fiis yn unn vramma | own kemmeris From the grave when he comes and leaps | Thou fleest in a tremor | Seized by fear (RD2093-5)

==trettya==
mos
*an epscop han doctour flour | me as kergh uskis theth tour | moys a raff in vn trettya An epskop ha'n doktour flour | my a's kyrgh uskis dhe'th tour. | Mos a wrav yn unn drettya. The Bishop and the flower of doctors | I will fetch them quickly to thy tower. | I will go in a turn. (BM1391-3)

==goslowes==
tewel
*tewough in vn gyrlyves tewegh yn unn goslowes Be quiet and listen (BK190.2)

=Nouns=
==hanas==
kewsel
*yn le may then yn trevow | yn splan me as derevas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a dryff tus yn vn hanas yn le mayth en y'n trevow | yn splann my a's derivas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a-dryv tus yn unn hanas wherever i went in the towns i declared them clearly. i did not speak in the dark, whispering behind people. (PA79)

=By meaning=

go in a hurry
*te ke yn vn fystene | ȝe voth may fo colenwys "Ty ke yn unn fistena, | dha vodh may fo kollenwys, Hurry away so that your purpose may be fulfilled (PA48)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝen tyller ganso o ordnys i eth yn unn fistena | dhe'n tyller kyns o ord'nys They hastened to the place which had been previously arranged. (PA176)

*y eth yn vn fystene | peswar marrek yrvys ens i eth yn unn fistena | peswar marghek ervys ens they went in haste. they were four armed soldiers. (PA241)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝe pylat aga Iustis i eth yn unn fistena | dhe pilat aga justis They hastened to Pilate their magistrate. (PA248)

make in a hurry
*del won yn vn fystene | me as gura ny strechyaff pell dell wonn yn unn fistena | my a's gwra ny strechyav pell i will make them as best i can. i will not be long. (PA158)

went in a rush
*In vn stevya oll y eth | bys yn pylat o Iustis yn unn stevya oll i eth | bys yn pilat o justis They all rushed to Pilate who was a magistrate. (PA239)

come to me furtively
*why a theth ȝym yn arvow | dre dreyson yn un scolchye | gans boclers ha cleȝyȝyow | thom kemeres ȝom syndye | ȝom peynye bys yn crow hwi a dheuth dhymm yn arvow | dre dreyson yn unn skolkya | gans boklers ha kledhedhyow | dhe'm kemmeres dhe'm shyndya | dhe'm paynia bys yn krow You have come to me armed, treacherously, furtively, with shields and swords to arrest me, to harm me, to torture me to death (PA74)

speak whispering
*yn le may then yn trevow | yn splan me as derevas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a dryff tus yn vn hanas yn le mayth en y'n trevow | yn splann my a's derivas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a-dryv tus yn unn hanas wherever i went in the towns i declared them clearly. i did not speak in the dark, whispering behind people. (PA79)

followed wailing
*Benenas prest a holyas | Ihesu crist yn vn garme benynes prest a holyas | yesu krist yn unn arma Wailing women incessantly followed Jesus Christ. (PA168)

he fled farting
*an beth pan thueth ha lamme | y fyys yn vn vramme | ovn kemerys A'n bedh pan dheuth ha lamma | y fiis yn unn vramma | own kemmeris From the grave when he comes and leaps | Thou fleest in a tremor | Seized by fear (RD2093-5)

go in a turn
*an epscop han doctour flour | me as kergh uskis theth tour | moys a raff in vn trettya An epskop ha'n doktour flour | my a's kyrgh uskis dhe'th tour. | Mos a wrav yn unn drettya. The Bishop and the flower of doctors | I will fetch them quickly to thy tower. | I will go in a turn. (BM1391-3)

be quiet listening
*tewough in vn gyrlyves tewegh yn unn goslowes Be quiet and listen (BK190.2)

The Duchess of Cornwall’s Progress

2025-09-02T08:03:50Z

Nicky:

Put into tables but I'm not sure if the attribution is correct for each column

<table>
<tr><td>(Bodleian MS. Carte 269...Mainly in Lhuyd’s hand)</td><td>(Borlase MS., pp.159, 158)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign=top>a) Nages travith dale talues an bees 
Bus gen dieu benegas do gweel gan crees.</td>
<td>Nyn ges travith dale talues en Beez 
Buz gen dew Benigas do gweel gun Crees</td>
<td>Nyns eus tra vyth a dal talvos y'n bys Bes gans Duw benygys dhe wul agan kres.
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign=top>
rag an Arlothas an wolas kernow. 
Dreth gwz Kibmias Benigas, Why ra Cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas. 
1. Kensa, vrt an hagar auall iggeva gweell do derevoll wareny Keniffer termen drerany moas durt pedden an wolas do sillan &c. 
2. Nessa, vrt an skauoll Crackan codna iggeva setha war en crees an aules ewhall heb drogi veeth. 
3. Tregya, vrt an Gurroll iggeva gweell gen askern skooth davas, &c.</td>
<td valign=top>
Rag an Arlotha woolaes Kernow 
Dreth ‘guz kibmias beniggas Why ra cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas 
Kensa, urt an hagar-awal iggeva gweel do derevoll war ren ny keniffer termen drera ny moas durt Pedden an woolaes do Sillan 
Nessa, urt an Skavoll Crack-an-codna iggava setha war en Cres an awles ewhall (cries tutton Harry an lader) heb drog veeth 
Treega, urt an gurroll iggeva gwell gen askern skooth Davas... 
c) Daunce mine 
d) Carrack Looes en Cooes 
e) Eue Rateera war mean Merlin 
Ra leske pawl, pemsans, ha Newyn. 
f) Peth Prawnter. A priest’s goods or estate. 
g) Rag gun Arlothas da 
Ny en gweel gun moyha, 
h) Theram Ry do why an Bele ma 
do gware gen bonogath da;
</td>
<td>Rag an Arlodhes wlas Kernow Dres agas kubmyes benygys, hwi a wra kavos dr'yw an gwas Harry ma podrek? bras Kensa, orth an hagar-awel usi va ow kul dhe drehevel warnon ni keniver termyn dr'eson ni ow mos dhyworth Pedn an Wlas dhe Syllan Nessa, orth an skavell krack-an-kodna usi va owth esedha war[nedhi] yn kres an oles/wlas ughel heb drog vyth. Treja, orth an gorhel usi va ow kul gans askorn skoodh davas 
c) Dons meyn 
d) Karrek Loos y'n Koos 
e) Ev a wra tira war men Merlin a wra leski Pol, Pennsans ha Lulyn. 
f) Pyth Pronter. 
g) Rag agan Arlodhes dha 
Ni a'n gwul agan moyha 
h) Yth esom ow ri dhe hwi an bel ma dhe wari gans bolonjedh da</td>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Text from Modern Cornish site==
Nicholas Boson c.1675

The Duchess of Cornwall’s Progress

(Bodleian MS. Carte 269...Mainly in Lhuyd’s hand)

a) Nages travith dale talues an bees 
Bus gen dieu benegas do gweel gan crees. 
(Borlase MS) Nyn ges travith dale talues en Beez 
Buz gen dew Benigas do gweel gun Crees 

b) rag an Arlothas an wolas kernow. 
Dreth gwz Kibmias Benigas, Why ra Cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas.

#Kensa, vrt an hagar auall iggeva gweell do derevoll wareny Keniffer termen drerany moas durt pedden an wolas do sillan &c.
#Nessa, vrt an skauoll Crackan codna iggeva setha war en crees an aules ewhall heb drogi veeth.
#Tregya, vrt an Gurroll iggeva gweell gen askern skooth davas, &c.

(Borlase MS., pp.159, 158)

Rag an Arlotha woolaes Kernow 
Dreth ‘guz kibmias beniggas Why ra cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas 
Kensa, urt an hagar-awal iggeva gweel do derevoll war ren ny keniffer termen drera ny moas durt Pedden an woolaes do Sillan 
Nessa, urt an Skavoll Crack-an-codna iggava setha war en Cres an awles ewhall (cries tutton Harry an lader) heb drog veeth 
Treega, urt an gurroll iggeva gwell gen askern skooth Davas... 
c) Daunce mine 
d) Carrack Looes en Cooes 
e) Eue Rateera war mean Merlin 
Ra leske pawl, pemsans, ha Newyn. 
f) Peth Prawnter. A priest’s goods or estate. 
g) Rag gun Arlothas da 
Ny en gweel gun moyha, 
h) Theram Ry do why an Bele ma 
do gware gen bonogath da;

(Bodleian MS. Carte 269...Mainly in Lhuyd’s hand)

==Links==
*Modern Cornish http://moderncornish.net/late-texts/Boson-Nicholas-theduchessofcornwallsprogress.html
*More about the Duchess and Harry https://ayearoflatecornish.blogspot.com/2024/11/2024-day-328.html
*Nicholas Williams https://www.skeulantavas.com/audio/247-nicholas-boson and https://www.skeulantavas.com/audio/275-arlodhes-kernow

The Duchess of Cornwall’s Progress

2025-09-02T07:51:50Z

Nicky:

The Duchess of Cornwall’s Progress

2025-09-02T07:39:52Z

Nicky:

Put into tables but I'm not sure if the attribution is correct for each column

<table>
<tr><td>(Bodleian MS. Carte 269...Mainly in Lhuyd’s hand)</td><td>(Borlase MS., pp.159, 158)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign=top>a) Nages travith dale talues an bees 
Bus gen dieu benegas do gweel gan crees.</td>
<td>Nyn ges travith dale talues en Beez 
Buz gen dew Benigas do gweel gun Crees</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign=top>
rag an Arlothas an wolas kernow. 
Dreth gwz Kibmias Benigas, Why ra Cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas. 
1. Kensa, vrt an hagar auall iggeva gweell do derevoll wareny Keniffer termen drerany moas durt pedden an wolas do sillan &c. 
2. Nessa, vrt an skauoll Crackan codna iggeva setha war en crees an aules ewhall heb drogi veeth. 
3. Tregya, vrt an Gurroll iggeva gweell gen askern skooth davas, &c.</td>
<td valign=top>
Rag an Arlotha woolaes Kernow 
Dreth ‘guz kibmias beniggas Why ra cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas 
Kensa, urt an hagar-awal iggeva gweel do derevoll war ren ny keniffer termen drera ny moas durt Pedden an woolaes do Sillan 
Nessa, urt an Skavoll Crack-an-codna iggava setha war en Cres an awles ewhall (cries tutton Harry an lader) heb drog veeth 
Treega, urt an gurroll iggeva gwell gen askern skooth Davas... 
c) Daunce mine 
d) Carrack Looes en Cooes 
e) Eue Rateera war mean Merlin 
Ra leske pawl, pemsans, ha Newyn. 
f) Peth Prawnter. A priest’s goods or estate. 
g) Rag gun Arlothas da 
Ny en gweel gun moyha, 
h) Theram Ry do why an Bele ma 
do gware gen bonogath da;
</td>
</tr>
</table>

==Text from Modern Cornish site==
Nicholas Boson c.1675

The Duchess of Cornwall’s Progress

(Bodleian MS. Carte 269...Mainly in Lhuyd’s hand)

a) Nages travith dale talues an bees 
Bus gen dieu benegas do gweel gan crees. 
(Borlase MS) Nyn ges travith dale talues en Beez 
Buz gen dew Benigas do gweel gun Crees 

b) rag an Arlothas an wolas kernow. 
Dreth gwz Kibmias Benigas, Why ra Cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas.

#Kensa, vrt an hagar auall iggeva gweell do derevoll wareny Keniffer termen drerany moas durt pedden an wolas do sillan &c.
#Nessa, vrt an skauoll Crackan codna iggeva setha war en crees an aules ewhall heb drogi veeth.
#Tregya, vrt an Gurroll iggeva gweell gen askern skooth davas, &c.

(Borlase MS., pp.159, 158)

Rag an Arlotha woolaes Kernow 
Dreth ‘guz kibmias beniggas Why ra cavas dreeu an gwas Harry ma Poddrack broas 
Kensa, urt an hagar-awal iggeva gweel do derevoll war ren ny keniffer termen drera ny moas durt Pedden an woolaes do Sillan 
Nessa, urt an Skavoll Crack-an-codna iggava setha war en Cres an awles ewhall (cries tutton Harry an lader) heb drog veeth 
Treega, urt an gurroll iggeva gwell gen askern skooth Davas... 
c) Daunce mine 
d) Carrack Looes en Cooes 
e) Eue Rateera war mean Merlin 
Ra leske pawl, pemsans, ha Newyn. 
f) Peth Prawnter. A priest’s goods or estate. 
g) Rag gun Arlothas da 
Ny en gweel gun moyha, 
h) Theram Ry do why an Bele ma 
do gware gen bonogath da;

(Bodleian MS. Carte 269...Mainly in Lhuyd’s hand)

==Links==
*Modern Cornish http://moderncornish.net/late-texts/Boson-Nicholas-theduchessofcornwallsprogress.html

Phrasal verbs

2025-09-02T07:22:42Z

Nicky:

Does Cornish have phrasal verbs?

==Verb + adv==
Normal verb + adv, not a phrasal verb:

* '''Sav yn-bann''' > sa 'bann > sa 'man = get up, stand up
**sevel already means rise, so why add yn-bann? French se lever
** sauem aman 'arise' [[Matthew II]]

* '''Ke yn-mes''' = go out

* '''drehevys 'mann''' 'sprung up' [[Matthew IV]]

*Arlodh Duw a dhanvonas Ev en-rag dhort... '''danvon yn-rag''' 'send forth' (from the Garden of Eden) [[Genesis III]]

*ev a helghyas mes an den - '''helghya yn-mes''' 'drive out' [[Genesis III]]

==Verb + particle==

* '''Ro yn-bann''' > Ro 'mann = give up (used with dhe) [[Why Ladar Gweader]]

* '''Gwrys yn-bann''' > gwres a-mann = made up (used with dhort) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

==Uncertain==
Verb + adv? Or verb + particle?

*'''merwel yn-kerdh''' > merwel e-ker = die out [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
**English influence?

Present participle

2025-09-02T07:19:06Z

Nicky: Created page with "==Simultaneous action== * Ha anjy a glowas lev an Arlodh Duw ow kerdhes e'n lowarth en yeynder an jedh 'they heard the voice of the Lord God walking in the garden in the cool..."

==Simultaneous action==

* Ha anjy a glowas lev an Arlodh Duw ow kerdhes e'n lowarth en yeynder an jedh 'they heard the voice of the Lord God walking in the garden in the cool of the day' [[Genesis III]]

Genitive of attribution

2025-09-02T07:18:12Z

Nicky:

*guelen a pren | a wraf synsy Gwelenn a brenn | a wrav synsi A rod of wood | I do hold. (OM1444)

Jesus Christ, the King of Joy
*ihesu cryst myghtern a ioy Ihesu Cryst, Myghtern a joy Jesus Christ, the King of joy (RD2416)

Jesus Christ, the heavenly king
*ihesu cryst myghtern a nef Ihesu Cryst, Myghtern a nev Jesus Christ the heavenly king (RD2262)

the King of Joy
*rak me a dyp bos hemma | an keth map eth alemma | yw myghtern a lowene rag my a dyb bos hemma | an keth Mab eth alemma | yw Myghtern a lowena For I swear that this is | That same Son who went hence | He is the King of Joy (RD2508-10)
*a hanas marth yw gene | os myghtern a lowene Ahanas marth yw gene' | os Myghtern a lowena I have wonder of thee | Thou art the King of joy (RD2565-6)

the Father of Heaven (heavenly father)
*En tas a nef ym gylwyr An Tas a Nev y'm gelwir The Father of Heaven I am called (OM1)

God of Heaven (heavenly god)
*me a grys ynno y sef | mar syw a barth dev a nef My a grys ynno y sev | mars yw a-barth Dyw a nev I believe he will stay in it | If he be on the part of God of heaven (RD2102-3)

God of Grace (since I am ..., I will let you...)
*Adam del of dev a ras Adam, dell ov Dyw a ras Adam, as I am the God of grace (OM73)

the world of light (NO A)
*gortos y thos ny a wra | ihesu cryst map maria | then beys golow gortos y dhos ni a wra | Ihesu Cryst Mab Maria | dhe'n bys golow We will await his coming | Jesus Christ, the Son of Mary | To the world of light (RD2412-14)

tree of knowledge
*yw pren a skeyens hynwys yw prenn a skians henwys It is named the tree of knowledge (OM80)
*Mara tybbryth a henna | yw hynwys pren a skyens Mara tybrydh a henna | yw henwys prenn a skians If thou eat of that | Which is named the tree of knowledge (OM81-2)

a garment of that suit
*my ny wylys yn wlas-ma | bythqueth dyllas a sevt-na My ny welas y'n wlas ma | bythkweyth dillas an sewt na I have not seen in this country | Ever a garment of that suit (RD2550-1)

a crown of thorns
*me a thuk curyn a spern my a dhug kurun a spern I wore a crown of thorns (RD2554)
*curyn a spern lym ha glev kurun a spern lymm ha glew A crown of thorns sharp and stiff (RD2582)

a cross of wood
*ow scons a fue crous a pren Ow stons a veu krows a brenn My standing was a cross of wood (RD2579)

a box of iron; the box of iron (BOTH)
*arluth yn trok a horn cref Arloedh, yn trog a horn krev My lord, in a box of strong iron (RD2135)
*teuleugh ef yn trok a horn tewlewgh ev yn trog a horn Cast it, in a box of iron (RD2162)
*yn trok horn y fyth teulys yn trog horn y fydh tewlys In a trunk of iron, shall be cast (RD2166)
*ow ottomma an trok horn Awottomma an trog horn! See here with me the iron box (RD2177) (THE)
*y dour tyber ef a fue | yn geler horn gorrys dovn Yn dor Tyber ev a veu | yn geler horn gorrys down In water of Tiber he was | In a coffin of iron put deep (RD2319-20)

*pows crohen 'a coat of skin' [[Genesis III]]

Subjunctive

2025-09-02T07:15:22Z

Nicky: /* Replaced by conditional? */

Subjunctive used in main clause?

Ny gaffen, war ow lowta,　kompessa prenn yn neb le OM2577 <-Mistake for conditional gafsen?

We may not get...

Mixed in one sentence
* rag sertan kemmys a'n krys | hag a vo lel besydhys RD1142-3

*Py le 'fydh an gwel plynsys, | may fons moyha enorys, | ha'n gwella may hwrons tevi? OM2032-4
**Lewis Pedersen p287 Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar - they say the subj of gul was reformed based on subj of mos - ello gwrello - could gwrons be a previous subjunctive form? Welsh has 3s gwnaho and 3p gwnahont, which would be gwraho and gwrahons in Cornish, h in subjunctive always disappeared, also Breton has 3s groay, 3p grahint, groaint)

==In indirect questions==
*bresel grev a veu sordys a'n grows piw ella dh'y doen PA160
*warnedhi prenn 'veu tewlys oll an bows piw a'n jeffa PA190
*rag godhvos pur yredi | piw a vo epskop dhyn ni BM2707-8

==John Boson==
John Boson uses 'bedh' to express the subjunctive:

*Worria guz Seera ha Dama el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. Gordhyo' agas sira ha dama, ell agas dedhyow bedh pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw. Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. (Exodus 20:12) (if ell is 'may', bedh is probably bos; but if ell is a particle for 'that', bedh could be subjunctive. ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ben[i]gas beth gus H[anow] benygys bedh agas hanow Hallowed be thy name ([[Pader an Arleth]])

*gus Brez beth gwres en Aor p’k[ar] drua en Neue agas breus bedh gwres, e'n Nor pekar dr'ywa en Nev Thy will be done, on Earth as it is in Heaven ([[Pader an Arleth]])

*Della betha 'Della bedh e So be it. (Boson's own translation) ([[Pader an Arleth]])

==Replaced by conditional?==
*Yma dhymmo hireth bras rag godhvos pandr'a via! I have a great longing to know what it might be! CW591 [subjunctive replaced by conditional?]

*Piw a wrug lawl dhis dell es'ta en noth? A wress'ta debry dhort an wedhen a wrug vy lawl dhis na wres ta debry? Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat? [[Genesis III]]
**na wrelles ta / na wresses ta > na wress'ta

==In adjectival relative clause==

*Rag liv bras my a dhoro, a guttho oll an norvys OM981-2 - I will bring a great flood, that it cover all the earth / that will cover all the earth?

Main Page

2025-09-02T07:10:49Z

Nicky: /* Grammar */

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Genitive of attribution]]
*[[Compound nouns]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Non-finite forms:
**[[Present participle]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*[[Phrasal verbs]]
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dri]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Phrasal verbs

2025-09-02T07:06:58Z

Nicky:

Does Cornish have phrasal verbs?

==Verb + adv==
Normal verb + adv, not a phrasal verb:

* '''Sav yn-bann''' > sa 'bann > sa 'man = get up, stand up
**sevel already means rise, so why add yn-bann? French se lever
** sauem aman 'arise' [[Matthew II]]

* '''Ke yn-mes''' = go out

* '''drehevys 'mann''' 'sprung up' [[Matthew IV]]

==Verb + particle==

* '''Ro yn-bann''' > Ro 'mann = give up (used with dhe) [[Why Ladar Gweader]]

* '''Gwrys yn-bann''' > gwres a-mann = made up (used with dhort) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

==Uncertain==
Verb + adv? Or verb + particle?

*'''merwel yn-kerdh''' > merwel e-ker = die out [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
**English influence?

Phrasal verbs

2025-09-02T07:04:15Z

Nicky:

Does Cornish have phrasal verbs?

==Verb + adv==
Normal verb + adv, not a phrasal verb:

* '''Sav yn-bann''' > sa 'bann > sa 'man = get up, stand up
**sevel already means rise, so why add yn-bann? French se lever

* '''Ke yn-mes''' = go out

* '''drehevys 'mann''' 'sprung up' [[Matthew IV]]

==Verb + particle==

* '''Ro yn-bann''' > Ro 'mann = give up (used with dhe) [[Why Ladar Gweader]]

* '''Gwrys yn-bann''' > gwres a-mann = made up (used with dhort) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

==Uncertain==
Verb + adv? Or verb + particle?

*'''merwel yn-kerdh''' > merwel e-ker = die out [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
**English influence?

Main Page

2025-09-02T06:17:11Z

Nicky: /* Grammar */

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Genitive of attribution]]
*[[Compound nouns]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*[[Phrasal verbs]]
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dri]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Compound nouns

2025-09-02T06:16:47Z

Nicky: Created page with "*ugens '''moldeer''' 'mile' (mil + tir) A Few Words about Cornish *an '''men bedh''' 'gravestone' (men + bedh) A Few Words about Cornish *e '''Bargenteer''' 'manor' (..."

Menja Tiz Kernuak buz gasowas

2025-09-02T06:02:54Z

Nicky:

{| {| class="hengovektable" width="100%"
! || Original || SWF || Translation
|-
| 1 || Menja Tiz Kernuak buz gasowas tha kanna vee gy el e glowas Rag fyr ha mescack thew e gwreze Ubba en Tale gullas en Beze || 'Menja tus Kernowek bus goslowes dhe' kana vy jei 'ell y glowes Rag fur ha muskok yth yw ev gwres Obma en toll goles an bes || Would that Cornish people but listen to my songs, they can hear it For wise and mad he is made Here in the bottom hole of the Earth
|-
| 2 || Rag me a venja cowas na peath della na vee a denneth tha weath Rag an pocar ez en pedd’n ha peege gungans mee a vedd’n || Rag my a venja kawas neppeth 'della na via a den veth dhe weth Rag an pekar eus en pedn ha peji ganjans my a vedn || For I would have something so it would not be of any man [...] For the like that is in head and pray with them I will
|-
| 3 || Ma tha ni Materne da ha maternes maga Ta Besca Rig dane Roul en Gwalaze buz nag ew an Pobel vaze || 'Ma dhen ni mytern da ha myternes magata Byskath wrug den rowlya en gwlas bus nag yw an bobel vas || We have a good King and a fine Queen ever did man rule in the land but the people are not good
|-
| 4 || Eve Rig doaz thurt pow e whonnen Tiz da gunju Leeas wonnen Gorolyon da droaze e war dower Sowias E vownas kerra vel ow’r || Ev 'wrug dos dhort pow y honen Tus da ganjo, lies onen Gorholyon da a dhros ev war dhowr Sawyas y vownans kerra 'vel owr ||He did come from his own land Good people with him, many a one Good ships brought him on water Saved his life more precious than gold
|-
| 5 || pereeg eve gurra Trooze war Tîr Eve welcumbes me ore Gwîr ha tha vethes tha Careesk maga sowe besca ve pesk || Pan wrug ev gorra troos war dir Ev 'veu wolkobmys, my 'wor gwir ha dhe vedhes dhe Geresk maga saw [dell] byskath veu pesk || When he did put foot on land He was welcomed, I know true and to [...] to Exeter as safe ever was a fish
|-
| 6 || Enna na rig eve Trigass pel Buz eath tha wheelas an peath o gwel an Jooal rag gurra war e bedd’n ha e weetha eve a vedd’n || Ena na wrug ev trigas pell Bus eth dhe hwilas an peth o gwell An Jowel rag gorra war y bedn ha y witha ev a vedn ||There he did not stay long But went to seek that which was better The jewel to put on his head and keep it he will
|-
| 7 || Mattern james rig quachas e stoppia bus E na allja e theath tha gloppia Eve rig quachas moaze tha an gwella ternuan bus e gothas drez an ne wharn || Mytern Jamys 'wrug gwaytyas y stoppya bus ev na allja, ev 'dheuth dhe gloppya. Ev 'wrug gwaytyas moas dhe’n gwella ternewen bus ev a godhas dres en duwon || King James did hope to stop him but he could not, he came to limp He did hope to go to the best side but he fell between in grief
|-
| 8 || Ha ul e poble poonias tha Gova Hemma e bra gwarre why na gova Ha e tha worthen eath e whonnen rag cowas gen e gare Trip-Cunnen || Ha oll y bobel 'bonyas dhe gova Hemma, [....] gwari, hwei na gova Ha ev dhe Wordhen eth y honen rag kawas gen y gar Tripconin || And all his people ran to remember This, [...] play, you do not remember And he to Ireland went himself to get by his dear Tripconin
|-
| 9 || Enna e wraze Lowar wheal tha weel Bowneege kelles Leeas meel buz materen Wille wraze an wheal ha fesias gy car vez an gweal || Ena ev 'wras lowr hwel dhe wul Bownansow kellys, lies mil bus mytern Wella 'wras an hwel ha fesyas jei 'kerdh 'ves a'n gwel || There he made enough work to do Lives lost, many a thousand but King William made the work and chased them away out of the field
|-
| 10 || Nenna e eath car rag Frink rag debre an Tacklow ewe per trink ma enna whath eve me ore gwîr ha plodia gen an hagar veer || Nena ev eth 'kerdh rag Frynk Rag debri an taklow yw pur drynk 'Ma ena hwath ev, my 'wor gwir ha plodya gen an hager vir || Then he went away for France To eat the things that are very [...] There is there still him, I know true and [...] with the ugly sight
|-
| 11 || ha enna ni e ved’n e ara amesk an poble ez e gara ha moaz tha wellaz an peath ez gwreze en pow an Flemmen amesk an Tîz || ha ena ni a vedn y ara en-mesk an bobel eus y gara ha moas dhe weles an peth eus gwres en Pow an Flemen en-mesk an dus || And there we will leave him amongst the people who love him and go to see that which is made in Flanders amongst the people
|-
| 12 || Enna ma Leeas wonnen kelles Kana geegans tha boaze gwelles ha muy dale moaz tha an gletha stella an lacca berra a mesk an gwellah || Ena 'ma lies onen kellys Kana [....] dhe vos gwelys ha moy a dal mos dhe'n gledha stella an lacka [...] en-mesk an gwella || There there is many a one lost Sing [...] to be seen and more should go to the sword still the worst [...] amongst the best
|-
| 13 || Ma Materen ni doaz Tre beddn wave ha moaze car arta pe teffa have Dewe reffa e sowia Tre ha leaze ha gweel e vownas mear a heaze || Yma 'metern ni 'toas tre 'bedn 'wav ha moas 'kerdh arta pan dheffo hav Duw r'effo y sawya, tre ha 'les ha gwul y vownans meur a hes || Our King is going home before winter and going away again when summer comes God save him, home and abroad and make his life much of length
|-
| 14 || menja e buz gweel dua an Streef ter ni ha’n Creege thua Materen Frink thera vee a menia na venja hedda whath gun greevia || A menja ev bus gwul diwedh an strif dre ni ha'n [...] Mytern Frynk 'th erov vy ow menya Na venja hedna hwath 'gan grevya. || Would he but make an end the struggle through us and the [...] The King of France I am meaning That one would not still trouble us.
|}

==Notes==
Henry Jenner comments: "Song on James II and William of Orange, by John Tonkin of St Just, a tailor, who appears to have been a solitary Whig in a nation of Jacobites, as with very few exceptions the Cornish certainly were. It begins, "Menja tiz Kernuak buz galowas," and consists of fourteen four-lined stanzas of modern Cornish, probably composed in 1695" (Handbook)

*SGMC calls this TT (Thomas Tonkin) but Neil Kennedy says it's confused (Te ha Tesednow)

==Links==
*Modern Cornish http://www.moderncornish.net/late-texts/Tonkin-John-kannakernuak.html
*Te ha Tesednow http://nebesgeryow.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/kanna-kernuak-cana-kernowek.html

==Reference==
(BM Add MSS 28554, f.130) OC no12 Winter 1930 (Not in own hand-some errors in copy?)

Menja Tiz Kernuak buz gasowas

2025-09-02T06:02:28Z

Nicky:

{| {| class="hengovektable" width="100%"
! || Original || SWF || Translation
|-
| 1 || Menja Tiz Kernuak buz gasowas tha kanna vee gy el e glowas Rag fyr ha mescack thew e gwreze Ubba en Tale gullas en Beze || 'Menja tus Kernowek bus goslowes dhe' kana vy jei 'ell y glowes Rag fur ha muskok yth yw ev gwres Obma en toll goles an bes || Would that Cornish people but listen to my songs, they can hear it For wise and mad he is made Here in the bottom hole of the Earth
|-
| 2 || Rag me a venja cowas na peath della na vee a denneth tha weath Rag an pocar ez en pedd’n ha peege gungans mee a vedd’n || Rag my a venja kawas neppeth 'della na via a den veth dhe weth Rag an pekar eus en pedn ha peji ganjans my a vedn || For I would have something so it would not be of any man [...] For the like that is in head and pray with them I will
|-
| 3 || Ma tha ni Materne da ha maternes maga Ta Besca Rig dane Roul en Gwalaze buz nag ew an Pobel vaze || 'Ma dhen ni mytern da ha myternes magata Byskath wrug den rowlya en gwlas bus nag yw an bobel vas || We have a good King and a fine Queen ever did man rule in the land but the people are not good
|-
| 4 || Eve Rig doaz thurt pow e whonnen Tiz da gunju Leeas wonnen Gorolyon da droaze e war dower Sowias E vownas kerra vel ow’r || Ev 'wrug dos dhort pow y honen Tus da ganjo, lies onen Gorholyon da a dhros ev war dhowr Sawyas y vownans kerra 'vel owr ||He did come from his own land Good people with him, many a one Good ships brought him on water Saved his life more precious than gold
|-
| 5 || pereeg eve gurra Trooze war Tîr Eve welcumbes me ore Gwîr ha tha vethes tha Careesk maga sowe besca ve pesk || Pan wrug ev gorra troos war dir Ev 'veu wolkobmys, my 'wor gwir ha dhe vedhes dhe Geresk maga saw [dell] byskath veu pesk || When he did put foot on land He was welcomed, I know true and to [...] to Exeter as safe ever was a fish
|-
| 6 || Enna na rig eve Trigass pel Buz eath tha wheelas an peath o gwel an Jooal rag gurra war e bedd’n ha e weetha eve a vedd’n || Ena na wrug ev trigas pell Bus eth dhe hwilas an peth o gwell An Jowel rag gorra war y bedn ha y witha ev a vedn ||There he did not stay long But went to seek that which was better The jewel to put on his head and keep it he will
|-
| 7 || Mattern james rig quachas e stoppia bus E na allja e theath tha gloppia Eve rig quachas moaze tha an gwella ternuan bus e gothas drez an ne wharn || Mytern Jamys 'wrug gwaytyas y stoppya bus ev na allja, ev 'dheuth dhe gloppya. Ev 'wrug gwaytyas moas dhe’n gwella ternewen bus ev a godhas dres en duwon || King James did hope to stop him but he could not, he came to limp He did hope to go to the best side but he fell between in grief
|-
| 8 || Ha ul e poble poonias tha Gova Hemma e bra gwarre why na gova Ha e tha worthen eath e whonnen rag cowas gen e gare Trip-Cunnen || Ha oll y bobel 'bonyas dhe gova Hemma, [....] gwari, hwei na gova Ha ev dhe Wordhen eth y honen rag kawas gen y gar Tripconin || And all his people ran to remember This, [...] play, you do not remember And he to Ireland went himself to get by his dear Tripconin
|-
| 9 || Enna e wraze Lowar wheal tha weel Bowneege kelles Leeas meel buz materen Wille wraze an wheal ha fesias gy car vez an gweal || Ena ev 'wras lowr hwel dhe wul Bownansow kellys, lies mil bus mytern Wella 'wras an hwel ha fesyas jei 'kerdh 'ves a'n gwel || There he made enough work to do Lives lost, many a thousand but King William made the work and chased them away out of the field
|-
| 10 || Nenna e eath car rag Frink rag debre an Tacklow ewe per trink ma enna whath eve me ore gwîr ha plodia gen an hagar veer || Nena ev eth 'kerdh rag Frynk Rag debri an taklow yw pur drynk 'Ma ena hwath ev, my 'wor gwir ha plodya gen an hager vir || Then he went away for France To eat the things that are very [...] There is there still him, I know true and [...] with the ugly sight
|-
| 11 || ha enna ni e ved’n e ara amesk an poble ez e gara ha moaz tha wellaz an peath ez gwreze en pow an Flemmen amesk an Tîz || ha ena ni a vedn y ara en-mesk an bobel eus y gara ha moas dhe weles an peth eus gwres en Pow an Flemen en-mesk an dus || And there we will leave him amongst the people who love him and go to see that which is made in Flanders amongst the people
|-
| 12 || Enna ma Leeas wonnen kelles Kana geegans tha boaze gwelles ha muy dale moaz tha an gletha stella an lacca berra a mesk an gwellah || Ena 'ma lies onen kellys Kana [....] dhe vos gwelys ha moy a dal mos dhe'n gledha stella an lacka [...] en-mesk an gwella || There there is many a one lost Sing [...] to be seen and more should go to the sword still the worst [...] amongst the best
|-
| 13 || Ma Materen ni doaz Tre beddn wave ha moaze car arta pe teffa have Dewe reffa e sowia Tre ha leaze ha gweel e vownas mear a heaze || Yma 'metern ni 'toas tre 'bedn 'wav ha moas 'kerdh arta pan dheffo hav Duw reffo y sawya, tre ha 'les ha gwul y vownans meur a hes || Our King is going home before winter and going away again when summer comes God save him, home and abroad and make his life much of length
|-
| 14 || menja e buz gweel dua an Streef ter ni ha’n Creege thua Materen Frink thera vee a menia na venja hedda whath gun greevia || A menja ev bus gwul diwedh an strif dre ni ha'n [...] Mytern Frynk 'th erov vy ow menya Na venja hedna hwath 'gan grevya. || Would he but make an end the struggle through us and the [...] The King of France I am meaning That one would not still trouble us.
|}

==Notes==
Henry Jenner comments: "Song on James II and William of Orange, by John Tonkin of St Just, a tailor, who appears to have been a solitary Whig in a nation of Jacobites, as with very few exceptions the Cornish certainly were. It begins, "Menja tiz Kernuak buz galowas," and consists of fourteen four-lined stanzas of modern Cornish, probably composed in 1695" (Handbook)

*SGMC calls this TT (Thomas Tonkin) but Neil Kennedy says it's confused (Te ha Tesednow)

==Links==
*Modern Cornish http://www.moderncornish.net/late-texts/Tonkin-John-kannakernuak.html
*Te ha Tesednow http://nebesgeryow.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/kanna-kernuak-cana-kernowek.html

==Reference==
(BM Add MSS 28554, f.130) OC no12 Winter 1930 (Not in own hand-some errors in copy?)

Ni venja pea

2025-09-02T06:00:10Z

Nicky:

{| class="hengovektable" width="100%"
! || Original || SWF || Translation
|-
| 1 || Ni venja pea a munna seer ez boaze whele es car thurt an Tir ca veea a Vlethan veth mar hir ni veea plaises me ore gwir || Nei 'venja pe an mona sur eus [ow] poas hwilys 'kerdh dhort an tir ke via a vledhen 'vedh mar hir nei 'via plesys, my 'wor gwir || We would pay the money sure that is being sought far from the land though it would be the year that will be so long we would be pleased I know true
|-
| 2 || Ma Leeas peege etha dirria pel buz peea dua e veean gwel ni veea preeze da rag an stean ha rag an Hearn thurt Willie Mean || 'Ma lies [ow] peji ev dhe durya pell bus 'pia diwedh ev 'via gwell nei 'via pris da rag an sten ha rag an hern dhort Willy Men || There are many praying that he lasts long but would there be an end it would be better we would have a good price for the tin and for the pilchards from Willy Men
|-
| 3 || Buz lebben preze ewe rag gweel dua ha clappia fyrrah whath rag trua rag leeas mascogna ma laveres ha an gwella ewe nakeves || Bes lebmyn pres yw rag gwul diwedh ha klappya furra hwath rag truedh rag lies muskognedh 'ma leverys ha an gwella yw nakevys || But now it is time to make an end and talk more wisely still for pity for many a madness there is said and the best is forgotten
|-
| 4 || Dewe reffa Sowia an Egles ni ha an prounter da eze et angy ha gweel than gy ul servia Dewe an Pobel en kaniffar Plewe || Duw 'wrella sawya an eglos nei ha an pronter da eus et anjei ha gwul dh'anjei oll servya Duw an bobel en keniver pluw || God save our church and the good vicar there is in them and make them all serve God the people in every parish
|-
| 5 || an Proanter ni ez en plew East grouns e broaze carra Apostle Chreest magga pel ter el eve heathes ha nenna Dewe e vedd’n e worras || an pronter nei eus en Pluw Ust Gwrens e' boas 'kar ha apostel Krist maga pell der ell ev hedhes ha nena Duw ev 'vedn y worras || The vicar of ours there is in St Just Let him be like Christ's apostle as far as he can reach and then God he will [...] him
|-
| 6 || ha ni an Poble ul dale gweel an peath egge e Lal tha ni da zeel ha rie gun gwella scovarn dotha na dale ni gurra ul tha gotha || ha nei an bobel oll 'dal gwul an peth uji ev le'el dhe'nei de'Sul ha rei agan gwella skovarn dhodho na dal [dhe] nei gorra oll dhe godha || And we the people all should do that which he says to us on Sunday and give our best ears to him we ought not put all to loss
|-
| 7 || Lebben Dewe reffa gun Sowia ul nenna na geath denneth tha gul Glaze Neave tha enna ni veath a heaze mar ta ni gweel da war an Beaze. || Lebmyn Duw r'effo agan sawya oll nena nag eth den veth dhe goll Gwlas Nev dhe ena nei 'vedh a-hes mar teu'ni [ha] gwul da war an bes. || Now may God save us all then no man goes to loss The land of Heaven there we will be along if we do good in the world.
|}

==Notes==
Jenner comments: "A song of moral advice [...] beginning "Ni venja pea a munna seer," and consisting of seven four-lined stanzas, only one of which, beginning "An Prounter ni ez en Plew East," has been printed (from the Borlase MS.) in the Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall for 1866. The complete song is in the Gwavas MS., and has never been published." (Handbook)

==Links==
*Modern Cornish http://www.moderncornish.net/late-texts/Tonkin-John-nivenjapea.html
*Te ha Tesednow http://nebesgeryow.blogspot.co.uk/2015/04/nei-venja-pe-mona-sur-gen-john-tonkin.html

==Reference==
*Gwavas MS –BM.Add.MSS.28,554,f.131)OC No.11 Summer 1930

Genitive of attribution

2025-09-02T03:01:01Z

Nicky:

Main Page

2025-09-01T08:28:49Z

Nicky: /* Grammar */

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Genitive of attribution]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*[[Phrasal verbs]]
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dri]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Compounds]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Genitive of attribution

2025-09-01T08:28:15Z

Nicky: Created page with "*guelen a pren | a wraf synsy Gwelenn a brenn | a wrav synsi A rod of wood | I do hold. (OM1444) Jesus Christ, the King of Joy *ihesu cryst myghtern a ioy Ihesu Crys..."

Apposition

2025-09-01T08:27:59Z

Nicky:

God the Father
*an tas dev dren spyrys sans An Tas Dyw dre'n Spyrys Sans God the Father, through the Holy Ghost (RD2610)

the Mount of Olives
*scon alemma why a spetd | bys yn meneth olyuetd Skon alemma hwi a sped | bys y'n Menydh Olyuetd You immediately hasten hence | Even to the Mount of Olives (RD2397-8)
*dun then meneth olyved Deun dhe'n Menydh Olyved Let us go to the Mount of Olives (RD2409)

the River Tiber; the Tiber
*yn dour tyber ef a sef yn dowr Tyber ev a sev In the water of Tiber he will stay (RD2136)
*yn dour tyber yn nep corn yn dowr Tyber yn neb korn Into the river Tiber in some corner (RD2163)
*yn tyber yn dour pur dovn yn Tyber, yn dowr pur dhown Into the Tiber, in very deep water (RD2167)
*den dreys dour tyber nynsa | yn certan navo marow den dres dowr Tyber nyns a | yn sertan na vo marow A man goes not over the river Tiber | Certainly, without being killed (RD2214-5)
*y dour tyber ef a fue | yn geler horn gorrys dovn Yn dor Tyber ev a veu | yn geler horn gorrys down In water of Tiber he was | In a coffin of iron put deep (RD2319-20)

Jesus Christ, the Son of Mary
*ihesu cryst map maria Ihesu Cryst Mab Maria Jesus Christ, the Son of Mary (RD2413)

Jesus Christ, the King of Joy
*ihesu cryst myghtern a ioy Ihesu Cryst, Myghtern a joy Jesus Christ, the King of joy (RD2416)

Jesus Christ, the King of Heaven (heavenly king)
*ihesu cryst myghtern a nef Ihesu Cryst, Myghtern a nev Jesus Christ the heavenly king (RD2262)

King of Heaven
*a ihesu cryst myghtern nef A Ihesu Cryst, Myghtern nev O Jesus Christ, King of heaven (RD2421)
*myghtern nef re by gorthys Myghtern nev, re bi gordhys The King of heaven be worshipped! (RD2523)
*ihesu cryst myghtern a nef Ihesu Cryst, Myghtern a nev Jesus Christ the King of heaven (RD2262)

the Father of Heaven (heavenly father)
*En tas a nef ym gylwyr An Tas a Nev y'm gelwir The Father of Heaven I am called (OM1)

the Son of God
*ellas my ny wothyen man | bones map dev y honan | degenow yn mes an nef Ellas, my ny wodhyen mann | bones mab Dyw y honan | degynsow yn-mes a nev Alas ! I knew not at all | To be the Son of God himself | Departed out of heaven (RD2559-61)
*a huhon map dev a seyf A-ughon Mab Dyw a sev On high the Son of God will remain (2612)
*drefen fals brugy map dev drefen fals breusi Mab Dyw Because of the false sentence of the Son of God (RD2199)

the Son of Mary
*map maria Mab Maria The Son of Mary (RD2200)
*ha bennath map maria ha bennath Mab Maria And the blessing of the Son of Mary (RD2238)

the son of the evil one
*map an ievan mab an jevan The son of the evil one (RD2282)

the Kingdom of Heaven
*yn ban bys yn glascor nef yn-bann bys yn gwlaskor nev Up even to the kingdom of heaven (RD2402)
*yn gulascor nef yn gwlaskor nev In the kingdom of heaven (RD2513)
*rak pur wyr yth hep coras | dre y ober glascor nef rag pur wir yth hepkorras | dre y ober gwlaskor nev For in very truth he renounced, | by his works, the kingdom of heaven (RD2337-8)

God of Heaven (heavenly god)
*me a grys ynno y sef | mar syw a barth dev a nef My a grys ynno y sev | mars yw a-barth Dyw a nev I believe he will stay in it | If he be on the part of God of heaven (RD2102-3)

the Saviour of the World
*sylwadur beys Selwador bys The Saviour of the world (RD2486)

Creator of Heaven and Earth
*del os formyas nef han beys Dell os formyas nev ha'n bys As thou art Creator of heaven and earth (RD2524)

the blessing of the Son of Mary
*ha bennath map maria ha bennath Mab Maria And the blessing of the Son of Mary (RD2238)

the world of light
*gortos y thos ny a wra | ihesu cryst map maria | then beys golow gortos y dhos ni a wra | Ihesu Cryst Mab Maria | dhe'n bys golow We will await his coming | Jesus Christ, the Son of Mary | To the world of light (RD2412-14)

the sin of mankind
*kyns pegh map den am sorras Kyns pegh mab-den a'm sorras First the sin of mankind provoked me (RD2572)

the gate(s) of hell
*porth yfarn me a torras Porth ifarn my a dorras The gate of hell I have broken (RD2574)
*porthow yfarn a torras | yn mes adam hag eue porthow ifarn a dorras | yn-mes Adam hag Eue The gates of hell he broke | out Adam and Eve (RD2633-4)

the resurrection of Christ
*a tus vas why re welas | a thasserghyens crist del fue A dus vas, hwi re welas | a Dhasserghyans Cryst dell veu O good people, you have seen | The Resurrection of Christ as it was (RD2631-2)

the day of judgement
*bys yn deth brevs bys yn Jydh Breus Till the day of judgment (RD2140)

man or woman's torment
*a torment gour na benen | my ny thowtyaf tra yn beys a dorment gour na benyn | my ny dhoutyav tra y'n bys Of torment from man or woman | I fear not any thing in the world (RD2425-6)

the blood of my heart
*map den my re wruk prenne | gans gos ow colon na fe | nep a wrussyn ny kyllys mab-den my re wrug prena | gans goes ow holonn, na ve | neb a wrussyn ni kellys Mankind I have redeemed | With the blood of my heart, that there may not be | Any that we should lose (RD2622-4)

the body of the fellow
*kemereugh corf an drok was Kemmerewgh korf an drogwas Take the body of the wicked fellow (RD2159)

the fire of the devil
*tan an ioul mur thy lysky Tan an jowl meur dh'y leski The fire of the great devil to burn him (RD2175)

the false sentence of the Son of God
*drefen fals brugy map dev drefen fals breusi Mab Dyw Because of the false sentence of the Son of God (RD2199)

the curses of every parish
*ha genes mollat pup plu ha genes mollath pub plu And with thee the curses of all the parish (RD2198)

the curse of God and the angels and saints
*gans mollat dev hay eleth | ha syns keffrys gans mollath Dyw ha'n Eledh | ha sens keffrys With the curse of God, and his angels | And saints also. (RD2287-8)

the curse of the saints and God
*ha ganso mollath an syns | ha dev a van ha ganso mollath an sens | ha Dyw a-vann And with him the curse of the saints | And God above (RD2293-4)

the body of Pilate
*the kerghas gans y enef | corf pylat gans mur a greys dhe gyrghes, gans y enev | korf Pylat gans mur a gris To carry with his soul | The body of Pilate with much strength (RD2309-10)

the cost of silver or gold
*a wos cost arhans nag our | greugh y tenne mes an dour Awos kost arghans nag owr | gwrewgh y denna mes a'n dowr For cost of silver or gold | Drag him out of the water (RD2231-2)

a box of iron; the box of iron
*arluth yn trok a horn cref Arloedh, yn trog a horn krev My lord, in a box of strong iron (RD2135)
*teuleugh ef yn trok a horn tewlewgh ev yn trog a horn Cast it, in a box of iron (RD2162)
*yn trok horn y fyth teulys yn trog horn y fydh tewlys In a trunk of iron, shall be cast (RD2166)
*ow ottomma an trok horn Awottomma an trog horn! See here with me the iron box (RD2177) (THE)

a coffin of iron
*y dour tyber ef a fue | yn geler horn gorrys dovn Yn dor Tyber ev a veu | yn geler horn gorrys down In water of Tiber he was | In a coffin of iron put deep (RD2319-20)

a piece of the flesh
*worto y glynes hardlych | ran an kyc bys yn ascorn orto y glenas hardlych | rann a'n kig, bys y'n askorn To it stuck closely | A piece of the flesh even to the bone (RD2597-8)

all of Adam's sins
*ol pegh adam pan prennas oll pegh Adam pan brenas When he redeemed all the sins of Adam (RD2562)

all evil sorts of pain
*a pup drok maner ponow a bub drog vaner poenow And all evil sorts of pains (RD2346)

the creator of all things
*formyer pup tra a vyth gvrys formyer puptra a vydh gwrys The Creator of all things that are made (OM2)

the middle of the sky
*yn creys an ebron avan yn kres an ebrenn a-vann In the midst of the sky above (OM38)

outcries of the devils
*skrynva vras an dewolow skrinva vras an dhewolow Great outcries of devils (RD2344)

a tavern
*orth vn prys ly orth unn prys li At a tavern (RD2149)

my tail/asshole
*ye regymmy tol ow guen Ye, rej ymmi toll ow gwenn! I wag my tail at ye (RD2355)

Phrasal verbs

2025-08-26T05:16:29Z

Nicky:

Does Cornish have phrasal verbs?

==Verb + adv==
Normal verb + adv, not a phrasal verb:

* '''Sav yn-bann''' > sa 'bann > sa 'man = get up, stand up
**sevel already means rise, so why add yn-bann? French se lever

* '''Ke yn-mes''' = go out

==Verb + particle==

* '''Ro yn-bann''' > Ro 'mann = give up (used with dhe) [[Why Ladar Gweader]]

* '''Gwrys yn-bann''' > gwres a-mann = made up (used with dhort) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

==Uncertain==
Verb + adv? Or verb + particle?

*'''merwel yn-kerdh''' > merwel e-ker = die out [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
**English influence?

Phrasal verbs

2025-08-26T05:16:05Z

Nicky:

Does Cornish have phrasal verbs?

==Verb + adv==
Normal verb + adv, not a phrasal verb:

* Sav yn-bann > sa 'bann > sa 'man = get up, stand up
**sevel already means rise, so why add yn-bann? French se lever

* Ke yn-mes = go out

==Verb + particle==

* Ro yn-bann > Ro 'mann = give up (used with dhe) [[Why Ladar Gweader]]

* Gwrys yn-bann > gwres a-mann = made up (used with dhort) [[A Few Words about Cornish]]

==Uncertain==
Verb + adv? Or verb + particle?

*merwel yn-kerdh > merwel e-ker = die out [[A Few Words about Cornish]]
**English influence?

Phrasal verbs

2025-08-26T04:59:56Z

Nicky: Created page with "Does Cornish have phrasal verbs? ==Verb + adv== Normal verb + adv, not a phrasal verb: * Sav yn-bann > sa 'bann > sa 'man = get up, stand up **sevel already means rise, so w..."

Main Page

2025-08-26T04:56:55Z

Nicky: /* Grammar */

* [[Texts]]
* [[Texts3|Texts by code]]
* [[Similar texts]]

* [[Dictionary]]
==Pronunciation==
* [[Intonation]]
==Grammar==
* [[Bos preterite]]
* [[Mynnes]]
* [[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
* [[Gallos preterite]]
* [[Future with mos]]
* [[Awos]]
*[[Synsi]]
*[[‎Diwedha]]
*[[‎Fatel]]
*[[‎Kamm]]
*[[Gwitha]]
*[[‎Mires]]
*[[Attested parts of verbs]]
*[[Breusi]]
*[[Bos]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[‎Bos habitual]]
*[[‎Moy]]
*[[Gortos]]
*[[‎A-bervedh]]
*[[Kowl]]
*[[Leun]]
*[[Y]]
*[[Gorfenna]]
*[[‎Hedre]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Dien]]
* [[Jujya]]
* [[Reported speech]]
Phonology
*[[Unstressed final consonants]]
*[[Mutation]]
*[[Contractions]]

Nouns
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Adjectives used as nouns]]
*[[les]] (benefit)
*[[Golok]]
*[[Suffixes from CDCPN]] (also adj)

Adjectives
*[[Adjectives that come before the noun]]
*[[Compound adjective]]
*[[Drog]]
*[[Kamm]]
*[[Meur]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Res]]
*[[Superlative-verb constructions]]

Pronouns
*[[Personal pronouns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Myns]]
*[[Neb]]
*[[Oll]]
*How to say [[Anyone]]
*How to say [[Any]]
*[[Whom]]
*[[Question pronouns]]

Question words
*[[Fatel]]
*[[Pan]]

Prepositions
*[[A]]
*[[Dhe]]
*[[Dre]]
*[[Dres]]
*[[Gans]]
*[[Orth]]
*[[Rag]]
*[[Yn]]
*[[Repeating prepositions after ha]]

Determiners
*[[Interrogative determiners]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Conjunctions
*[[A-ban]]
*[[Awos]]
*[[Bys]]
*[[Hedre]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Kyn]]
*[[Pan]]
*[[Mar or a]]
*[[As soon as]] with mar

Adverbs
*[[Byth]]/[[Vyth]]
*[[Dien]]
*[[Kyns]]
*[[Moy]]
*[[Yn unn]]
*Prefixed
**[[Kowl]]-
*[[Interrogative adverbs]]
*How to say [[Any]]

Verbs
*How to say [[Have]]
*How to say [[Become]]
*Tenses:
*[[Preterite]]
*[[Imperfect and preterite compared]]
**[[Perfect]] senses
*[[Subjunctive]]
**[[Na and subjunctive for if]] - na ve
*[[Impersonal]]
*[[Genitive]]
*[[Causative]]
*[[Modality]] - bos, gul, mynnes, gallos, dos, tyli
*[[Phrasal verbs]]
*Using verbs:
**[[Astel]]
**[[Bos]]
***[[Bos preterite]]
***[[Bos habitual]]
***[[Existential with verbal adjectives (present perfect)]]
***[[Existential with nouns]]
**[[Breusi]]
**[[Cessya]]
**[[Diberth]]
**[[Diskwedhes]]
**[[Diwedha]]
**[[Dri]]
**[[Dos]]
**[[Ervira]]
**[[Gallos]]
***[[Gallos preterite]]
***[[Gallos imperfect]]
**[[Gortos]]
**[[Gul]]
**[[Gwaytya]]
**[[Gwitha]]
**[[Hedhi]]
**[[Hwithra]]
**[[Jujya]]
**[[Kemeres]]
**[[Lettya]]
**[[Mires]]
**[[Mos]]
**[[Mynnes]]
**[[Oberi]]
**[[Omwul]]
**[[Prederi]]
**[[Prena]]
**[[Ranna]]
**[[Stopya]]
**[[Stoppya]]
**[[Synsi]]
**[[Terri]]
**[[Treylya]]
**[[Tyli]]
*Adjectives prefixed to verbs
**[[Kamm]]

Syntax
*[[Reported speech]]
*[[Conditional sentences]]
*[[Optative]]
*[[Questions]]

Other
*[[Idioms]]
*[[Compounds]]
*[[Numerals]]
*[[Go]] (exclamative)
*[[Nans]] particle?

Yn unn

2025-08-26T04:16:25Z

Nicky:

=Verbs=
==fistena==
mos
*te ke yn vn fystene | ȝe voth may fo colenwys "Ty ke yn unn fistena, | dha vodh may fo kollenwys, Hurry away so that your purpose may be fulfilled (PA48)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝen tyller ganso o ordnys i eth yn unn fistena | dhe'n tyller kyns o ord'nys They hastened to the place which had been previously arranged. (PA176)

*y eth yn vn fystene | peswar marrek yrvys ens i eth yn unn fistena | peswar marghek ervys ens they went in haste. they were four armed soldiers. (PA241)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝe pylat aga Iustis i eth yn unn fistena | dhe pilat aga justis They hastened to Pilate their magistrate. (PA248)

gul

*del won yn vn fystene | me as gura ny strechyaff pell dell wonn yn unn fistena | my a's gwra ny strechyav pell i will make them as best i can. i will not be long. (PA158)

==stevya==
mos
*In vn stevya oll y eth | bys yn pylat o Iustis yn unn stevya oll i eth | bys yn pilat o justis They all rushed to Pilate who was a magistrate. (PA239)

==skolkya==
dos
*why a theth ȝym yn arvow | dre dreyson yn un scolchye | gans boclers ha cleȝyȝyow | thom kemeres ȝom syndye | ȝom peynye bys yn crow hwi a dheuth dhymm yn arvow | dre dreyson yn unn skolkya | gans boklers ha kledhedhyow | dhe'm kemmeres dhe'm shyndya | dhe'm paynia bys yn krow You have come to me armed, treacherously, furtively, with shields and swords to arrest me, to harm me, to torture me to death (PA74)

==garma==
holya
*Benenas prest a holyas | Ihesu crist yn vn garme benynes prest a holyas | yesu krist yn unn arma Wailing women incessantly followed Jesus Christ. (PA168)

==bramma==
fia
*an beth pan thueth ha lamme | y fyys yn vn vramme | ovn kemerys A'n bedh pan dheuth ha lamma | y fiis yn unn vramma | own kemmeris From the grave when he comes and leaps | Thou fleest in a tremor | Seized by fear (RD2093-5)

==trettya==
mos
*an epscop han doctour flour | me as kergh uskis theth tour | moys a raff in vn trettya An epskop ha'n doktour flour | my a's kyrgh uskis dhe'th tour. | Mos a wrav yn unn drettya. The Bishop and the flower of doctors | I will fetch them quickly to thy tower. | I will go in a turn. (BM1391-3)

=Nouns=
==hanas==
kewsel
*yn le may then yn trevow | yn splan me as derevas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a dryff tus yn vn hanas yn le mayth en y'n trevow | yn splann my a's derivas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a-dryv tus yn unn hanas wherever i went in the towns i declared them clearly. i did not speak in the dark, whispering behind people. (PA79)

=By meaning=

go in a hurry
*te ke yn vn fystene | ȝe voth may fo colenwys "Ty ke yn unn fistena, | dha vodh may fo kollenwys, Hurry away so that your purpose may be fulfilled (PA48)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝen tyller ganso o ordnys i eth yn unn fistena | dhe'n tyller kyns o ord'nys They hastened to the place which had been previously arranged. (PA176)

*y eth yn vn fystene | peswar marrek yrvys ens i eth yn unn fistena | peswar marghek ervys ens they went in haste. they were four armed soldiers. (PA241)

*I eth yn vn fystene | ȝe pylat aga Iustis i eth yn unn fistena | dhe pilat aga justis They hastened to Pilate their magistrate. (PA248)

make in a hurry
*del won yn vn fystene | me as gura ny strechyaff pell dell wonn yn unn fistena | my a's gwra ny strechyav pell i will make them as best i can. i will not be long. (PA158)

went in a rush
*In vn stevya oll y eth | bys yn pylat o Iustis yn unn stevya oll i eth | bys yn pilat o justis They all rushed to Pilate who was a magistrate. (PA239)

come to me furtively
*why a theth ȝym yn arvow | dre dreyson yn un scolchye | gans boclers ha cleȝyȝyow | thom kemeres ȝom syndye | ȝom peynye bys yn crow hwi a dheuth dhymm yn arvow | dre dreyson yn unn skolkya | gans boklers ha kledhedhyow | dhe'm kemmeres dhe'm shyndya | dhe'm paynia bys yn krow You have come to me armed, treacherously, furtively, with shields and swords to arrest me, to harm me, to torture me to death (PA74)

speak whispering
*yn le may then yn trevow | yn splan me as derevas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a dryff tus yn vn hanas yn le mayth en y'n trevow | yn splann my a's derivas | ny gowsyn yn tewolgow | a-dryv tus yn unn hanas wherever i went in the towns i declared them clearly. i did not speak in the dark, whispering behind people. (PA79)

followed wailing
*Benenas prest a holyas | Ihesu crist yn vn garme benynes prest a holyas | yesu krist yn unn arma Wailing women incessantly followed Jesus Christ. (PA168)

he fled farting
*an beth pan thueth ha lamme | y fyys yn vn vramme | ovn kemerys A'n bedh pan dheuth ha lamma | y fiis yn unn vramma | own kemmeris From the grave when he comes and leaps | Thou fleest in a tremor | Seized by fear (RD2093-5)

go in a turn
*an epscop han doctour flour | me as kergh uskis theth tour | moys a raff in vn trettya An epskop ha'n doktour flour | my a's kyrgh uskis dhe'th tour. | Mos a wrav yn unn drettya. The Bishop and the flower of doctors | I will fetch them quickly to thy tower. | I will go in a turn. (BM1391-3)

Pan

2025-08-19T06:30:42Z

Nicky: /* Unclear present or pres. subjunctive */

==pan + present==
*y worthye y teleth theys | mar vskys pan glew the lef y wordhya y telledh dhis | mar uskis pan glyw dha lev To worship him is incumbent on thee | So quickly when he hears thy voice (OM1775-6) after/since?
*ma ov wolon ov ranne | pan glewaf cous an par-ne 'Ma ow holonn ow ranna | pan glywav kows a'n par na. My heart is separating | When I hear you talk so. (OM2181-2) upon?
*pan wreth hepcor an bevnens | hep guthyl na moy cheyson | a hugh an eleth han sens | ty a thue the nef thum tron pan wredh hepkorr an bywnans | heb guthyl namoy cheson | a-ugh an eledh ha'n sens | ty a dheu dhe nev dhe'm tron When thou shalt put away life, | Without suffering any more trouble, | Over the angels and the saints, | Thou shalt come to heaven to my throne. (RD459-62)
*a pylat wolcom os fest | rak me ath car dev yn test | pan yth welaf | del leuaraf yn tor-ma | gul drok thyso ny vynna | byth ny garaf A Pylat, wolkom os fest, | rag my a'th kar, dyw yn test! | '''Pan y'th welav''', | dell lavarav, y'n tor' ma | gul drog dhiso ny vynna' | bydh ny garav. O Pilate ! thou art most welcome. | For I love thee, God witnesses it, | When I see thee ; | As I say at this time, | I will not do harm to thee ; | I never like. (RD1811-16)
*an eleth omma yv guyn | avel an houl pan thywhyn An Eledh omma yw gwynn | avel an howl '''pan dhewyn''' The angels here are white | Like the sun when it shines (RD2532-3)

==pan + preterite==
*pan gemert kyg a werhas '''pan gemer't''' kig a werghes when he accepted a virgin's flesh (PA3)
*ȝen bys pan deyskynnas dhe'n bys '''pan dhiyskynnas''' when he came down to Earth (PA5)
*I vam pan yn drehevys Y vamm '''pan y'n drehevis''' When his Mother (had) brought him up (PA10)
*Han ioull henna pan glewas Ha'n Jowl henna '''pan glewas''' And when the Devil heard this (PA11)
*Gans gloteny ef pan welas | cam na ylly y dolla Gans glotni ev '''pan welas''' | kamm na ylli y dolla When he saw that he could not trick him at all with gluttony (PA13)
*Pan welas en ethewon | bos crist au cuthyll meystry '''Pan welas''' an Edhewon | bos Krist ow kuthyl maystri When the Jews saw that Jesus Christ was exercising power (PA26)
*Pan eȝons oll ȝe wary '''Pan ethons''' oll dhe wari When they all went (had gone) away (PA34)
*pan gowsas '''pan gowsas''' When he said (PA68)
*pan gowsas crist yn della '''pan gowsas''' krist yndella when christ spoke thus (PA94)
*Henna pylat pan welas henna pilat '''pan welas''' When Pilate saw this (PA100)
*Henna Iudas pan welas | crist an bewnans na sawye ena yudas '''pan welas''' | krist an bywnans na sawya Then, when Judas saw that Christ would not save his life (PA103)
*moy pegh o pan dyspresyas | ys delo pan yn guerȝe moy pegh o '''pa'n dispresyas''' | es dell o pan y'n gwertha it was a greater sin when he scorned him than when he sold him (PA104)
*Ganse pylat pan glewas | bos Ihesus a galyle gansa pilat '''pan glewas''' | bos yesus a galila When Pilate heard from them that Jesus was from Galilee (PA108)
*Pan yn caffsons yn treȝe '''pan y'n kavsons''' yntredha When they got him among them (PA142)
*pan glewas cows yn della '''pan glewas''' kows yndella when he heard talk of this kind (PA143)
*pylat pan glewas henna pilat '''pan glewas''' henna when pilate heard that (PA145)
*Ena pylat pan glewas | an lauarow na ganse ena pilat '''pan glewas''' | an lavarow na gansa Then when Pilate heard those words from them (PA147)
*Camen pylat pan welas | na ylly crist delyffre kammenn pilat '''pan welas''' | na ylli krist delivra When Pilate saw that there was no way he could release Christ (PA150)
*heȝow pan eȝys yn mes hedhyw '''pan ethys''' yn-mes when you started out today (PA157)
*Pan welas y mab dygtis | gans an eȝewon mar veyll '''pan welas''' hy mab dyghtys | gans an edhewon mar vil When she saw her son treated so dreadfully by the Jews (PA165)
*Ena pan sevys yn ban ena '''pan sevis''' yn bann Then, when she stood up (PA166)
*Pan deth levff crist war en toll '''pan dheuth''' leuv krist war an toll When Christ's hand came over the hole (PA182)
*pan eth pylat ȝy redye '''pan eth''' pilat dh'y redya when pilate came to read it (PA187)
*pan eth yn mes yn sewyas | en dus vas del vynne ef '''pan eth''' yn-mes y'n sywyas | an dus 'vas dell vynna ev when he went out the good people followed him as he wished (PA213)
*Ihesus ȝoȝo a avas | '''pan welas''' y edrege yesus dhodho a avas | pan welas y edrega jesus forgave him when he saw his repentance (PA220)
*herd(h)ya an gyw pan welas herdhya an guw '''pan welas''' When she saw the thrusting of the spear (PA221)
*Pan deȝens y bys yn beth '''pan dheuthons''' i bys y'n bedh When they reached the grave (PA242)
*Ena pylat pan glewas | yn delma y ȝe gewsell ena pilat '''pan glewas''' | yndellma i dhe gewsel Then when Pilate heard that they were talking like this (PA249)
*En varogyon pan glewas | pylat ov cows yn della an varghogyon '''pan glewas''' | pilat ow kows yndella When the soldiers heard Pilate talking like this (PA251)
*Pan deȝons ȝe alyle '''pan dheuthons''' dhe galila When they came to Galilee (PA258)

==pan + imperfect==
*Dewsull blegyow pan ese | yn mysc y abestely De Sul Bleujyow '''pan esa''' | yn mysk y abesteli When he was among his apostles on Palm Sunday (PA27)
*war ben dewlyn pan ese war benn dewlin '''pan esa''' When he was on his knees (PA58)
*Pan o y besadow guris '''Pan o''' y besadow gwrys When his prayers were done (PA61)
*pan esa crist ow pesy '''pan esa''' Krist ow pesi when Christ was praying (PA62)
*In agis mysk pan esen yn agas mysk '''pan esen''' When I was among you (PA75)
*moy pegh o pan dyspresyas | ys delo pan yn guerȝe moy pegh o pa'n dispresyas | es dell o '''pan y'n gwertha''' it was a greater sin when he scorned him than when he sold him (PA104)
*Pan o Ihesus cryst dampnys | aberth yn crows may farwe '''pan o''' yesus dempnys | a-berth yn krows may farwa When Jesus Christ was condemned to die by crucifixion (PA151)
*Pan o kentrow lemmys '''pan o''' an kentrow lymmys When the nails were sharpened (PA160)
*pan esa yn (an) crows pren '''pan esa''' yn an krowsprenn when he was on the cross (PA183)
*Ha crist yn delma peynys | a berth yn crows pan ese ha krist yndella paynys | a-berth yn krows '''pan esa''' While Christ was thus in pain suffering crucifixion (PA185)
*Re ȝe gryst a leuery | a berth yn crows pan ese re dhe krist a leveri | a-berth yn krows '''pan esa''' Some said to Christ when he was crucified (PA197)
*a noȝo pan predery anodho '''pan brederi''' when she thought of him (PA231)
*Pan o pur holergh an gyth '''pan o''' pur helergh an jydh When it was very late (PA244)
*Pan o an tyr marya | ogas ȝen beth deuethys '''pan o''' an teyr maria | ogas dhe'n bedh devedhys When the three Marys had come close to the grave (PA253)

==pan + pluperfect==
*In delma crist pan wresse Yndelma Krist '''pan wrussa''' When Christ had done this (PA48)
*Then eȝewon pan doȝye Dhe'n Edhewon '''pan dhothya''' When he had come to the Jews (PA63)
*Pan doȝyans bys yn tyller '''Pan dhothyens''' bys y'n tyller When they had come to the place (PA65)
*pan doȝyans ȝy yntreȝe | pows Ihesus a ve dyskis '''pan dhothyens''' dhi yntredha | pows yesus a veu di'skys When they arrived there, between them jesus' garment was taken off (PA176)
*Then levff arall pan doȝyans | worth an grovs rag y faste dhe'n leuv arall '''pan dhothyens''' | orth an grows rag y fasta When they came to the other hand to fasten it to the cross (PA180)
*a vernans crist pan welse | kynyuer tra marthusy a vernans krist '''pan welsa''' | keniver tra marthusi When he had seen so many marvels concerning the death of christ (PA208)
*Dre y holon y ȝeth seth | y mab syndis pan welse dre hy holonn yth eth seth | hy mab shyndys '''pan welsa''' An arrow went though her heart when she had seen her son destroyed (PA223)

==pan + pres. subjunctive==
*arluth pan dyffy ȝet pow | predery a hanaff gura arloedh '''pan dhyffi''' dhe'th pow | prederi ahanav gwra Lord, when you come into your land, think of me (PA193)
*'''tarosfan a thue deffry | war tus vas pan vons yn chy | haga darasow degeys Tarosvann a dheu devri | war dus 'vas pan ons yn chi | ha'ga darasow deges. Phantoms come indeed | Upon good people when they are in house, | And their doors open. (RD1450-1)'''

==pan + impf. subjunctive==
*A(n) peynys a wotheuys | ny ve ragtho y honan | lemmyn rag pobyll an bys | pan vons y kefis mar wan An paynys a wodhevis | ny veu ragdho y honan, | lemen rag pobel an bys | '''pan vens''' i kevys mar wann. The tortures he suffered were not for himself alone but for the people of the world as they were found (to be) so frail. (PA6)
*mar callo trylye ȝe hes | lauar crist pan vo clewys mar kalla trelya dhe-hys | lavar krist '''pan ve''' klewys if he could twist round what christ had to say when it had been heard (PA109)
*rag an spykis o garow | pan vons gwyskis ȝy synsy rag an spikys o garow | '''pan vens''' gwyskys dh'y synsi for the spikes were rough when they were hit to secure him (PA159)

==bys pan + preterite==
*peynys bys pan ve marow paynys '''bys pan veu''' marow tortured till he was dead (PA2)
*ȝoȝo bys pan danvonas dhodho '''bys pan dhanvonas''' until christ sent to him (PA87)
*ȝoȝo Ihesus ȝy thampnye | pylat bys pan danvonas dhodho yesus dh'y dhampnya | pilat '''bys pan dhanvonas''' until pilate sent jesus to him to condemn him (PA110)
*Han ȝewna bys pan vons squyth | war crist y fons ov cronkye ha'n dhew na '''bys pan vons''' skwith | war krist y fons ow kronkya And these two were beating upon Christ until they were tired (PA132)

==kepar ha pan + impf. subjunctive==
*worth ihesus ef a fecle | kepar ha pan ve hegar Orth Yesus ev a fekla | '''kepar ha pan ve''' hegar Judas greeted Jesus falsely, as if he were being affectionate (PA40)

==Unclear present or pres. subjunctive==
*pan vynnough agis honon | wy a yll gull da ȝeȝe '''Pan vynnowgh''' agas honan | hwi a yll gul da dhedha You yourselves can do good for them whenever you want (PA37)
*meryasek pan vynnogh why | an forth dalleth yredy Meryasek, pan vynnowgh hwi | an fordh dalleth yredi Meriasek, when you wish | The way readily begin (BM42-3)
*pan prydyryf ay passon | nynsa ioy vyth ym colon '''Pan brederav/brederriv''' a'y basshyon | nyns a joy vydh y'm kolon. When I think of his Passion, | There is not any joy in my heart. (RD759-60)
*pan predyryf ay passyon | moreth am kymmer yn scon Pan brederav a'y Basshyon | moredh a'm kemmer yn skon When I think on his passion | Grief takes me immediately (RD1082-3)

==Unclear imperfect or impf. subjunctive==
*gans pub colmen may ȝelle | pan wyskens yn-mes an crow gans pub kolmenn mayth ella | '''pan weskens''' yn-mes an krow so that the blood would flow out with every knot when they struck (PA131)

==since==
*ay serys yma thyugh sport | pan vs dewen dymmo vy Ay syrrys, yma dhywgh sport | '''pan eus''' dughan dhymmo vy. O sirs, it is a sport to you | When it is grief to me. (BM1056-7)
Tewdar is angry at not receiving any comfort. This could be translated as "You have sport now, since I'm in grief" (not a general statement, but a comment on the current circumstance), or as "You have sport when I'm in grief" (a general habit). More examples need to be found before the correct translation can be determined.
*Pan vyn an tas yn della | reys yv y wruthyl porrys Pan vynn an Tas yndella, | res yw y wruthyl porres. Since the Father so wills, | Need it is to do it. (OM648-9)
*pan vs gveyth ov tesehe pan eus gwydh ow tesygha Since the trees are drying (OM1128)
*pan yv both dev yn della Pan yw bodh Dyw yndella Since the will of God is so (OM1342)
*nynsyw aga dev pleysys | genes gy pan os punsys | ty hath pobel mar calas Nyns yw aga Dyw plesys | genes jy pan os punshys | ty ha'th pobel, mar gales Their God is not pleased | With thee, since thou art punished | Thou and thy people so severely (OM1562-4)
*byneges yv an guel-ma | pan vs sawor sur mur da | ov tevos annethe y Bennigys yw an gwel ma | pan eus sawor sur mar dha | ow tevos anedha i Blessed are these rods, | For the savour is surely very good | Coming from them (OM1739-41)
*my a wor lemyn yn ta | pan yv mar whek aga eth My a woer lemmyn yn ta | pan yw mar hweg aga eth I now know it well | Since their breath is so sweet (OM1993-4)
*yn plath may mons y a sef | dretho ef pan yns plynsys Y'n plas may mons, i a sev, | dredho ev pan yns plynsys. In the place where they are they shall stand, | Through him since they are planted. (OM2091-2)

==Unclear since or when==
*pan yllyn ny yntrethon | drey dour an meen flynt garow pan yllyn ni yntredhon | dri dowr a'n men flynt garow When we can between ourselves | Bring water from the sharp flint stone (OM1859-60)

==that==
*gwef vyth pan veva genys Go-ev '''bydh pan veu''' va genys Woe to him that ever he was born (PA43)
*gony vyth pan veyn genys go-ni '''vydh pan ven''' genys Woe to us that we were ever born (PA246)

===preterite since===
*y demptye pan prederis y demptya '''pan brederis''' since Satan thought he would tempt Christ (PA19)

=="When" meaning after all==
*pan omsettyas ȝe demptye | guȝyll pegh neb na ylly '''pan omsettyas''' dhe demptya | guthyl pegh neb na ylli After all, he undertook to tempt him who could not commit sin! (PA20)

Attested parts of verbs

2025-08-05T03:09:08Z

Nicky:

==Akordya==
Imperfect:
3s acordye (PA40)

==Amma==
Imperative:
2p ymmyug (CF)

==Aswon==
Preterite:
3s aswonys (PA84)

==Bedha==
Subjunctive present:
3p veȝo (CF)

==Blamya==
Preterite:
*3s flamyas (PA92)

==Bos==
Present short form:
*1s off (PA8)
*2s os (PA11, PA14, PA93)
*3s yw (CF x2, PA7, PA8, PA93, PA95) ew (PA14) yw (PA18, PA19, PA21, PA22 x2, PA24, PA30) yv (PA43) yw (PA44, PA45) yv (PA47, PA51) yw (PA51) ew (PA55, PA61) yv (PA61 x2, PA62) yw (PA62, PA67, PA68, PA69 x3, PA73 x2, PA82) ew (PA85) yw (PA89)
*2p ough (PA47)
*3p yns (PA78)

Present long form:
*3s indefinite: us (CF) vs (PA16, PA24 x2) es (PA32 x2, PA34) vs (PA53, PA60, PA61, PA92)
*3s definite: vgy (PA53)
*3s verbal: yma (PA21, PA43, PA51) ma (PA78)

Imperfect short form:
*3s o (CF, PA4, PA5, PA6, PA7, PA8, PA10, PA23, PA31, PA32, PA33, PA35, PA41 x3, PA47, PA54, PA56 x2, PA57, PA60, PA61, PA62, PA64, PA70, PA76, PA83, PA88, PA92)
*3p ens (PA33, PA41, PA68)

Imperfect long form:
*1s esen (PA75)
*3s ese (PA5) esa (PA13) ese (PA27) esa (PA33, PA45) ese (PA58) esa (PA61, PA64) ese (PA65, PA75, PA77, PA86)

Future:
*1s veȝaff (PA61) feȝaff (PA93)
*2s fethyth (PA6) veȝyth (PA46)
*3s vyȝ (CF) vyth (PA17, PA44) fyth (PA48) veth (PA49) fyth (PA72) pyth (PA94)
*2p veȝough (PA52)

Habitual:
*3s feȝe (PA25) ve ȝe (PA32)

Preterite:
*1s vef (PA49)
*3s ve (PA2 x2) fe (PA3) ve (PA4, PA6) fe (PA7) ve (PA8 x2, PA9 x2) fe (PA18 x2) ve (PA28 x2, PA29 x2) fe (PA31) ve (PA42, PA43) fe (PA58) ve (PA61, PA88, PA89)
*3p vons (PA6) fons (PA39) vons (PA89)

Conditional:
*1s vean (PA73)
*3s bia (PA34) vya (PA36) vye (PA38) bye (PA71) vye (PA72, PA73, PA85, PA86, PA91)

Subjunctive present:
*2s fy (PA22)
*3s fo (PA1, PA31) vo (PA46) fo (PA48) ve (PA55)

Subjunctive past:
*1s fen (PA49) ven (PA74)
*2s fes (PA22)
*3s fe (PA9) fo (PA9) fe (PA23, PA32) ve (PA40) pe (PA73) fe (PA88)
*3p fons (PA18) vons (PA33)

Imperative:
*2s byȝ (CF)
*3s beȝens (PA24, PA36, PA55, PA57)

Verb noun: ves (CF) vones (PA95)

==Bywhe==
Subjunctive:
*2s vywy (CF)

==Bywa==
Subjunctive present:
*3s veughe (PA72)

==Chanjya==
Preterite:
*3s gangyes (PA68)

==Chonsya==
Preterite:
*3p chungfyons (PA26)

==Dalleth==
Imperative:
*2s dallaȝ (CF)

==Dampnya==
Present:
*1s dampnyaf (PA34)

Verbal noun: dampnye (PA94)

==Danvon==
Preterite:
*2s danvansys (PA93)
*3s ȝanvonas (PA42) thanvonas (PA64) danvonas (PA87)

==Delivra==
Imperative:
*2s delyr (PA57)

==Derivas==
Preterite:
*3s derevas (PA79) terevys (PA94)

Verb noun: ȝerevas (PA1)

==Desirya==
Imperative
*3s ȝeserya (PA4)

Preterite
*3s theseryas (PA9)

==Dewis==
Conditional
*3s ȝewesse (PA41)

==Diskwedhes==
Imperfect:
*3s dywyȝy (PA65)

Preterite:
*3s ȝysweȝas (PA5) tysqueȝas (PA11) tysquethas (PA16)

==Diyskyn==
Preterite:
*3s deyskynnas (PA5)

Imperative:
*2s dyyskyn (CF) dijskyn (PA14)

==Don, degi==
Preterite:
*2p ȝecsyugh (PA50)
*3p thuk (PA64, PA91)

Imperative:
*2s dok (PA82)
*3s to (PA87)
*2p thegough (PA37)

==Dos==
Present:
*3s the (PA12, PA30, PA37) ȝe (PA66)
*3p dons (PA61) ȝons (PA78)

Preterite:
*3s theth (PA8) teth (PA59) ȝeth (PA67) theth (PA74)

Perfect:
*3s deve (PA48, PA75)

Conditional:
*3s dethye (PA33) doȝye (PA63, PA90)
*3p doȝyans (PA65)

Subjunctive imperfect:
*3s teffa (PA27)

Imperative:
*2s dus (CF)
*2p deugh (PA53, PA63)

Verbal noun: tevones (PA93)

==Drehevel==
Imperfect:
*3s drehevy (PA91)

Preterite:
*3s drehevys (PA10)

==Dybri==
Subjunctive present:
*3s deppro (PA44)

==Dyghtya==
Preterite:
*3s ȝyttyas (PA3) dyȝgthtyas (PA71)

==Dyski==
Preterite:
*2s ȝyssys (PA77)
*3s dyskas (PA64) ȝyskas (PA80)

==Erghi==
Present:
*3s herg (CF)

Preterite:
*3s yrghys (PA28, PA72)

==Esedha, sedha==
Preterite:
3s sethas (PA77)

==Eva==
Imperative:
*2p evough (PA45)

==Fastya==
Conditional:
*3p fastsens (PA76)

==Fekla==
Imperfect:
*3s fecle (PA40)

==Fia==
Preterite:
*3s fyas (PA77)

==Fistena==
Imperative:
*2p fystynyug (CF)

==Fyllel==
Present:
*3p fallens (PA49)

==Gallos==
Present:
*2s yllyth (PA20)
*3s yll (PA11) kyll (PA21) yll (PA22, PA37) yl (PA40, PA42, PA57, PA59, PA60) yl (PA80)
*2p yllough (PA55)
*0 hyller (PA20)

Imperfect:
*3s ylly (PA3, PA13, PA20, PA60, PA83)

Subjunctive present:
*3s gallo (CF) allo (PA19) hallo (PA32) halle (PA70)
*2p hallough (PA52, PA63)

Subjunctive imperfect:
*3s calle (PA15) calla (PA21) calle (PA38) halle (PA53)

==Garma==
Preterite:
*3s armas (PA42, PA95)

==Gasa==
Imperfect:
*3s ase (PA25)

Preterite:
*3s gasas (PA56)

Imperative:
*2s gas (CF) as (PA46)

==Gelwel==
Preterite:
*3s ylwys (PA43)
*0 helwys (PA30)

==Godhav, godhevel==
Imperfect:
*3s woȝevy (PA54)

Preterite:
*1s wotheuys (PA6)
*3s goȝevys (PA92)

Subjunctive present:
*3s woȝaffo (PA24)

==Godhvos==
Present:
*1s won (PA8, PA75)
*2s coȝes (CF) woȝas (PA46) coȝas (PA92)
*2p woȝough (PA50)

Imperfect:
*3s woȝye (PA36, PA47) woȝya (PA54) woȝye (PA56, PA85)

Imperative:
*2s gothveȝough (PA63)

==Golghi==
Present:
*1p wolhaff (PA46)

Preterite:
*3s wolhas (PA45)

==Golya==
Imperative:
*2p golyough (PA52, PA57)

==Gordhya==
Imperative:
*1p gorȝyn (PA5)

==Gorra==
Preterite:
*3s goras (PA13) woras (PA81)

Imperative:
*2s gor (PA72)

==Gorthebi==
Imperfect:
*3s worȝeby (PA69)

Preterite:
*3s worthebys (PA11, PA36, PA43) worȝebys (PA43, PA67 x2, PA78)

Verbal noun: worȝeby (PA92)

==Goslowes==
Imperative:
*2s golsoug (CF)
*3p golsowens (PA2)

Verbal noun: wolsowas (PA1)

==Govyn==
Present:
*2s woventa (PA80)

Imperfect:
*3s wovyny (PA39)

Preterite:
*3s wovynnys (PA67) wovynys (PA69)

Imperative:
*2s govyn (PA80)

==Grontya==
Preterite:
*3s growntyas (PA75)

Subjunctive:
*1p: wronte (PA1)

==Gul==
Present
*1s raf (PA46)
*3s wra (CF x3, PA12, PA16, PA21) ra (PA39) wra (PA42) ra (PA60, PA63) wra (PA66)

Imperfect:
*3s wre (PA23, PA26)
*3p wrens (PA39)

Preterite:
*1s rug (PA50)
*3s rug (PA7) wreg (PA27) rug (PA28, PA30) guregh (PA45) rug (PA65)
*3p grussons (PA31)

Conditional:
*3s wresse (PA48)

Subjunctive Present:
*2p rellough (PA63)

Imperative:
*2s gwra (CF) gura (PA11) wra (PA34) gura (PA55)
*2p gureugh (PA69)

Verb noun: gul (CF)

==Gwarnya==
Preterite:
*3s warnyas (PA42)

==Gweles==
Future:
*3s gwylvyth (PA93)

Imperfect:
*3p welons (PA64)

Preterite:
*3s welas (PA13, PA26, PA83, PA84)

Conditional:
*3s quelse (PA85)

==Gwertha==
Imperative:
*3s gwyrȝyns (PA51)

==Gweskel==
Present:
*2s gwysketh (PA82)

==Hembronk==
Preterite:
*3s hombronkyas (PA16, PA76)

==Holya==
Preterite:
3s holyas (PA77)

Imperative:
*2p holyough (PA53, PA63)

==Hwilas==
Present:
*3s whela (PA21)
*2p wheleugh (PA68) weleugh (PA69)

Verbal noun: welas (PA94)

==Hwesa==
Imperfect:
*3s wese (PA58)

==Hwilas==
Preterite:
*3s whelas (PA90)

==Hwithra==
Preterite:
*3s wetras (PA86)

==Kabla==
Imperfect:
*3s cable (PA35)
Preterite:
*3s cablas (PA31)

==Kara==
Present:
*3s gar (PA24)

==Kavos==
Present:
*2s kefyȝ (CF)
*3s gyff (PA37)

Preterite:
*3s gafas (PA30) cafas (PA55)

Subjunctive Present:
*1p caffans (PA67)

Verb noun: gafus (CF)

==Kelli==
Preterite:
*3s gollas (PA40)

==Kelmi==
Preterite:
*3s colmas (PA76)

==Kemeres==
Preterite:
*3s gemert (PA3) kemeres (PA70)

Imperative:
*2s kymmerr (CF) kemer (PA6)

==Kewsel==
Imperfect:
*1s gowsyn (PA79)
*3s gewsy (PA38)

Preterite:
*1s kewsys (PA82 x2)
*2s gewsys (PA92)
*3s kewsys (PA6) gewsys (PA14, PA34, PA93) gowsys (PA50) gewsis (PA66) gowsas (PA68) gewsys (PA74) gowsas (PA80, PA84) cowsas (PA88) gowsas (PA92, PA94)
*3p gewsys (PA90)

==Klewes==
Preterite:
*3s glewas (PA11) clewas (PA80, PA86, PA95)
*3p clewsons (PA91)

Subjunctive present:
*3s clewo (PA77)

==Kodha==
Preterite:
*3s goȝas (PA68)

==Koska==
Imperative:
*2p koscough (PA61)

==Krysi==
Present:
*3s gris (PA63)

==Kuntel==
Verbal adjective: cuntullys (PA92)

==Ladha==
Verbal adjective: leȝys (PA95)

==Leverel==
Present:
*1s lauara (CF) lauaraff (PA8)

Preterite:
*3s leuerys (PA11) leueris (PA14, PA17) leuerys (PA36) leveris (PA39) leueris (PA47, PA48, PA51 x2) leuerys (PA61) leuerys (PA62, PA63) leueris (PA78, PA79) leuerys (PA81) leueris (PA84) leuerys (PA85)
*2p leuersough (PA50)

Pluperfect:
*3s lauarsa (PA56)

Imperative:
*2s lauar (CF x2, PA78) lavar (PA93)
*2p leuerough (PA95)

==Merwel==
Subjunctive present:
*2s verwy (PA56)

==Mos==
Preterite:
*3s eth (PA18, PA29, PA52, PA53, PA54, PA56, PA61, PA64, PA94)
*3p eȝons (PA34)

Imperfect:
*1s en (PA79)
*3s e (PA25)
*3p ens (PA64)

Imperative:
*2s ke (PA14) Ke (PA17) ke (PA48)
*2p eug (CF)

Verb noun: mos (CF)

==Mynnes==
Present:
*1s venna (CF)
*2s mennyȝ (CF) mynnyth (PA17) mynnyth (PA80)
*3s vyn (PA32, PA34, PA36, PA66)
*2p vynnough (PA37, PA39, PA67)

Imperfect:
*3s vynna (PA7, PA25) vynne (PA28 x2, PA41) fenne (PA41) vynna (PA45, PA54, PA65) vynne (PA70) vynna (PA78, PA79) vynne (PA90) fenne (PA91)

Preterite:
*3s vynnas (PA3) fynnas (PA4) vynnas (PA11, PA13, PA35, PA87, PA92)

Subjunctive present:
*2s vynny (PA57)
*3s vynno (PA2, PA12)

Subjunctive imperfect:
*1s mynnen (PA72)

==Nagha==
Present:
*1s nahaff (PA49)
*3s nagh (PA49)

Preterite:
*3s naghas (PA84)

==Omdenna==
*3s omdennas (PA33, PA68, PA86)

==Omdhisevel==
Preterite:
*3s om desevys (PA14)

==Omsettya==
Preterite:
*3s omsettyas (PA20)

Verb noun: emsettye (CF)

==Omwitha==
Imperative:
*2s onweyth (PA92)

==Pegha==
Conditional:
*3s beghse (PA86)

==Perthi==
Preterite:
*3s borȝas (PA26)

Subjunctive present:
*3s porȝo (CF)

Imperative:
*2s borth (CF)

==Pesi==
Present:
*3s pes (CF) bys (PA1)

Imperative:
*3s pesy (PA25)

Preterite:
*1s pesys (PA9)

==Pesya==
Preterite:
*3s pesys (PA10, PA57)

Imperative:
*2p pesough (PA52) pesough (PA57)

==Plegya==
Present:
*3s plek (CF) blek (PA82)

==Ponya==
Preterite:
*3s ponyas (PA38)

==Powes==
Imperative:
*2s powes (CF)
*2p powesough (PA61)

==Prederi==
Preterite:
*3s brederys (PA11) prederis (PA19)

==Pregowtha==
Preterite:
*2s bregowthys (PA78)

==Prena==
Preterite:
*3s pernas (PA5)

==Previ==
Preterite:
*3s provas (PA6)

==Ranna==
Preterite:
*3s rannas (PA45)

==Res (as verb)==
Present:
*3s rys (PA51) reys (PA94)

==Ri==
Present:
*1s rof (CF)
*2s reyth (PA66)
*3s re (CF)

Preterite:
*3s ros (PA81)

Subjunctive present:
*3s rollo (PA32)

Imperative:
*2s ro (PA22)

==Sawya==
Imperative:
*3s sawye (PA25)

Verbal adjective: sawys (PA95)

==Serri==
Preterite:
*3s sorras (PA31, PA38, PA94)

==Settya==
Preterite:
*3s settyas (PA71)

==Sevel==
Preterite:
*3s sevys (PA81)

==Sewya==
Preterite:
*3s sewyas (PA52)

==Skonya==
Preterite:
*3s sconyas (PA46) scornyas (PA70)

Verb noun: sconya (CF)

==Skrifa==
Preterite:
*3s scryfas (PA33)

==Skwardya==
Preterite:
*3s squerdyas (PA94)

==Sona==
Preterite:
*3s sonas (PA44)

==Spedya==
Preterite:
*3s spedyas (PA42)

==Spena==
Preterite:
*3s: speynas (PA10)

==Synsi==
Present:
3s: sens (CF)

Imperative:
2s sens (CF)

Preterite:
3s sensys (PA70)

Verb noun: synsy (CF)

==Tann==
Imperative:
*2s tan (PA49)
*2s tanha (CF)

==Tardha==
Preterite:
*3s tarȝas (PA76)

==Tenna==
Preterite:
*3s dennas (PA71)

==Terri==
Imperfect subjunctive:
*3s dorre (PA87)

==Tewel==
Imperative:
*2s taw (PA84)

==Tewlel==
Preterite:
*3s dewlys (PA15)

==Ti==
Present:
*3s te (CF)

Preterite:
*3s doys (PA85)

==Tormentya==
Present:
*3s tormont (PA66)

==Treghi==
Preterite:
*3s drohas (PA71)

==Treylya==
Imperfect:
*3s trylya (PA54)

Preterite:
*3s trylyas (PA18, PA55, PA87)

==Triga==
Conditional:
*3s drecse (PA47)

Verbal adjective: tregis (PA93)

==Tyli==
Present:
*1s dayl (PA85)

==Yeuni==
Conditional:
*3s vnsa (PA21)

==Y koodh dhe==
Present:
*3s goth (PA15) coth (PA16)

==Y'm beus==
Present:
*2s a vyȝ (CF) a feth (PA16)
*3s nyn geuas (PA12)

Future:
*1s nvm byth (PA37)
*3s an geuyth (PA44)

Preterite:
*3s an geue (PA10) nyn geve (PA40) yn geve (PA59) an geve (PA59)
*1p agan be (PA50)

Subjunctive present:
*3s an geffo (PA51)

==Ynia==
Preterite:
*3s ynnyas (PA84)

==Yn-medh==
*3s yn meth (PA16, PA34, PA44, PA45, PA46, PA93) ynmeth (PA46) yn meth (PA49 x3) In meth (PA50) yn meth (PA52, PA53) ynmeth (PA55) In meth (PA57) yn meth (PA65, PA69) In meth (PA82)
*3p ym meȝens (PA32)

Subjunctive

2025-07-29T11:05:46Z

Nicky:

Subjunctive used in main clause?

Ny gaffen, war ow lowta,　kompessa prenn yn neb le OM2577 <-Mistake for conditional gafsen?

We may not get...

Mixed in one sentence
* rag sertan kemmys a'n krys | hag a vo lel besydhys RD1142-3

*Py le 'fydh an gwel plynsys, | may fons moyha enorys, | ha'n gwella may hwrons tevi? OM2032-4
**Lewis Pedersen p287 Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar - they say the subj of gul was reformed based on subj of mos - ello gwrello - could gwrons be a previous subjunctive form? Welsh has 3s gwnaho and 3p gwnahont, which would be gwraho and gwrahons in Cornish, h in subjunctive always disappeared, also Breton has 3s groay, 3p grahint, groaint)

==In indirect questions==
*bresel grev a veu sordys a'n grows piw ella dh'y doen PA160
*warnedhi prenn 'veu tewlys oll an bows piw a'n jeffa PA190
*rag godhvos pur yredi | piw a vo epskop dhyn ni BM2707-8

==John Boson==
John Boson uses 'bedh' to express the subjunctive:

*Worria guz Seera ha Dama el guz Dethiow beth pel vor an Tir es res the’es gen guz Arleth Deiu. Gordhyo' agas sira ha dama, ell agas dedhyow bedh pell war an tir eus res dhis gen agas Arlodh Duw. Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. (Exodus 20:12) (if ell is 'may', bedh is probably bos; but if ell is a particle for 'that', bedh could be subjunctive. ([[A Dêg Gwra Deiu]])

*ben[i]gas beth gus H[anow] benygys bedh agas hanow Hallowed be thy name ([[Pader an Arleth]])

*gus Brez beth gwres en Aor p’k[ar] drua en Neue agas breus bedh gwres, e'n Nor pekar dr'ywa en Nev Thy will be done, on Earth as it is in Heaven ([[Pader an Arleth]])

*Della betha 'Della bedh e So be it. (Boson's own translation) ([[Pader an Arleth]])

==Replaced by conditional?==
*Yma dhymmo hireth bras rag godhvos pandr'a via! I have a great longing to know what it might be! CW591 [subjunctive replaced by conditional?]

==In adjectival relative clause==

*Rag liv bras my a dhoro, a guttho oll an norvys OM981-2 - I will bring a great flood, that it cover all the earth / that will cover all the earth?